Tactile warning panel system with geothermal system

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to tactile warning panels, and in particular to tactile warning panels that are designed and built with multi-function/multipurpose capabilities that serve the visually impaired and enable the deployment of smart city technology by integrating tactile warning systems and subsurface enclosures that can withstand pressures of five (5) tons up to and exceeding sixty (60) tons and incorporate small cells, beacons, sensors, Fog Computing, electric energy generation, rechargeable power supplies, wireless M2M communication and a plethora of other smart city technologies.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the U.S. Provisional Application62/671,100, filed on May 14, 2018, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to tactile warning panel systems, and inparticular to a multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus and systemthat integrates a subsurface enclosure that is designed to enable spacebeneath tactile warning panels for connected multipurpose capabilitiesand including a geothermal heating and cooling system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tactile warning panels are mandated in the U.S. under 42 USC 12101 etseq., as amended, and regulations promulgated thereunder; or tactilewalking surface indicators, ISO 23599 international. These aregenerically referred to as tactile warning panels, detectable warningpanels, detectable warning surfaces, tactile warning tiles, detectablewarning tiles or tactile walking surface indicators. The purpose ofthese tactile warning panels is to safeguard individuals with impairedvision against hazards in public places and pedestrian walkways. In theUnited States, tactile warning panels are characterized as square orrectangular panels mounted on walkways at points of hazard like streetintersections and passenger access zones to public transportation.

Two generic texture patterns are used for tactile warning panels(“attention patterns” and “guiding patterns”). The usage of thesetactile warning panel patterns differs somewhat from country to country.Over the years, extensive research in various countries has establishedthat both “attention patterns” (truncated domes or cones) and “guidingpatterns” (elongated raised bars) are highly detectable when used inassociation with typical walking surfaces, and that they aredistinguishable from each other.

The tactile warning panels are typically made of metal, plasticcomposite, cast iron or other materials. The tactile warning panel isaffixed or embedded in a concrete or paved surface and bear a pluralityof raised features detectable by tactile sensation such as contact withshoes or a cane. Within the scope of applicable regulations, there isconsiderable latitude in the shape, size, and spacing of such raisedfeatures. U.S. Patent application 2006/0039752 discloses a warning panelhaving raised features containing an array of circular truncatedhemispheres. Most variations of raised features are truncated domes inconfiguration, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,960,989. Anothervariation is the use of set pins inserted into a pre-drilled hole in aconcrete walkway, and then bonded to the holes, as disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,971,818. 4,715,743 discloses rounded domes on multiple tileswith expansion joints between contiguous tiles. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,271,690and 7,189,025 show six sided elevated domes with dimples in the centersthereof.

While most tactile warning panels are constructed sturdily, over timethey can be expected to show wear and tear and to incur surface damagerequiring replacement. Snowplows are particularly destructive. Due tothis surface damage, several companies have developed a replacementtactile warning panel product. Several examples exist of lower framepanels forming a base that is embedded in the concrete or pavementwalkway when it is laid. The walking surface is a top removable tactilewarning panel positioned over and is fastened into or on the base panel.Examples are shown in U.S. Patent application 2010/0129150. Anotherembodiment of a replaceable panel is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.7,779,581 that has anchor means for fast removal and replacement of thepanel.

The rules governing the coloring of tactile warning panels specify onlythat they provide a discernible contrast to the color of the surroundingwalkway. The tactile warning panel provides two cues to the visuallyimpaired. The first cue is a distinctive surface pattern of domes(three-dimensional substrate) detectable by cane or underfoot. Thesecond cue is provided by the color differentiation from the surroundingground surfaces. In the case of cast iron, the panel may be left barebecause cast iron rusts and thus provides a natural reddish brown hue.For stainless steel and other materials, solid colors are typicallychosen. Most common are solid red and yellow; yellow is selected becauseit is the last wavelength of color to fade for persons with impairedvision.

The major market for tactile warning panels are cities who have thelargest number of sidewalks and street corners where panels are requiredby the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) (hereinafter referred toas “ADA”). There are approximately 32 million locations in the UnitedStates requiring tactile warning panels. Cities continue to seek newways to improve safety for citizens while managing costs. Yet, thedeployment of these panels has been very slow due primarily to cost.After twenty-five years, there are estimates that only 15%-25% of thetactile warning panels, required by ADA, have been installed.

One way to reduce the effective cost of ADA compliant tactile warningpanels and to accelerate their deployment and thereby improvingcompliance to ADA is to enable tactile warning panels with additionalfunctionality and capability. Henshue (U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,311,831 B2 and9,361,816 B2, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety)enables ADA compliant tactile warning panels to serve as an advertisingmedia or brandscaping/cityscaping tool by creating a high quality anddurable full color image on the surface of the panel.

The present invention adds significant utility and functionality, beyondHenshue, to tactile warning panels and the right-of-way under the panel.This added functionality enables the right-of-way space under thefederally required tactile warning panels on the sidewalk curb ramp onevery street corner in urban environments, to serve as a secure,scalable and ubiquitous location for the placement of smart citytechnologies. Henshue (U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,311,831 B2 and 9,361,816 B2)added to the surface of tactile warning panels, a high quality, fullcolor, textured and durable graphic design and image thereby expandingthe panels utility and functionality.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Further embodiments of the present invention provide a multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus (TWPA) for placement into or on apedestrian walkway.

In some embodiments, the TWPA comprises a surface tactile panel with aplanar surface having thereon a plurality of distinct spatially raised,three dimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detected bytactile sensation; and one or more subsurface enclosures, said one ormore subsurface enclosures having associated therewith one or moretransmitters, sensors, receivers, electronic equipment, antenna orbatteries and a heat exchanger or heat pump in communication with ageothermal piping system. In some embodiments, the geothermal pipingsystem is a vertical closed loop geothermal piping system. In someembodiments, the geothermal piping system is a horizontal closed loopgeothermal piping system. In some embodiments, the geothermal pipingsystem is an open loop geothermal piping system. In some embodiments,the geothermal piping system is an earth loop system. In someembodiments, the geothermal piping system is in contact with grout. Insome embodiments, the grout is high conductivity grout. In someembodiments, the heat exchanger or heat pump is internal to the one ormore subsurface enclosures. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger orheat pump is external to the one or more subsurface enclosures. In someembodiments, the apparatus comprises a heat exchanger and a heat pump.In some embodiments, the transmitters or receivers are selected from thegroup consisting of Beacon transmitters or receivers, Blue Toothtransmitters or receivers, Global Positioning System (GPS) transmittersor receivers, Geofencing transmitters or receivers, Low Power Wide AreaNetwork (LPWAN) transmitters or receivers, Dedicated Short RangeCommunication (DSRC) transmitters or receivers, Wi-Fi transmitter orreceivers and sensor transmitters or receivers. In some embodiments, thetransmitters or receivers are configured to communicate with mobiledevices, mobile device applications, wearable devices, machines, orother electronic devices. In some embodiments, the upper surface panelhas an integrated antennae configured horizontally within the uppersurface panel.

In some embodiments, the upper surface panel is formed from a materialselected from the group consisting of metal, glass, ceramic material,thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, plastic composite, solar panelmaterial, polymer concrete, fiberglass, polymeric material composed ofpolycrystalline transparent ceramics such as alumina AI203, yttriaalumina garnet (YAG) and neodymiumdoped ND:YAG and other products ofnanoscale ceramic technology. Still further embodiments for the uppersurface panel may include but not be limited to transparent nylons,polyurethane, acrylics, soda-lime-silica glasses, borosilicate glasses,fused silica glasses, lithium disilicate based glass-ceramics, aluminumoxynitride (AION), magnesium aluminate spinel (spinel), single crystalaluminum oxide (sapphire, aluminum oxynitride spinel (AI23O27N5),Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAL204), single-crystal aluminum oxide(sapphire—AI2O3), and nanocomposites of yttria and magnesia orcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the upper surface panel istextured for slip resistance. In some embodiments, the glass istempered. In some embodiments, the glass is high strength. In someembodiments, the glass is textured for slip resistance.

In some embodiments, the upper surface panel comprises a high-resolutionimage comprises two or more colors having a resolution of greater than120 DPI.

In some embodiments, the distinct spatially raised, three dimensionalfeatures comprise an attention pattern with a plurality of raisedtruncated domes or cones. In some embodiments, the raised truncateddomes or cones are circular. In some embodiments, the truncated domes orcones are arranged in an array. In some embodiments, the spatiallyraised features comprise a guiding pattern with a plurality of raisedbars. In some embodiments, the raised bars are parallel flat-toppedelongated bars or sinusoidal ribs. In some embodiments, the raised barsare arranged in an array.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises one or moreantennae in operable electronic communication with the one or moretransmitters or receivers.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises one or moresensors. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors are selected fromthe group consisting of pressure sensors, sound sensors, temperaturesensors, humidity sensors, water level sensors or light sensors.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises one or morecomputer processors, routers or switches.

In some embodiments, the one or more computer processors are configuredfor fog computing in a local distributed cloud of networked computers,processors, fog nodes or local nodes for sensing, data gathering,transmission of data, reporting, calculations, analytics and actions.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a rechargeablepower supply in operable association with the one or more transmittersor receivers. In some embodiments, the rechargeable power supply isselected from the group consisting of lead-acid batteries, nickelcadmium (NiCd) batteries, nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, lithiumion (Li-ion) batteries, lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer) batteriesand alkaline type batteries or combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the rechargeable power supply has integrated AC/DCconverters or power conditioners.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a solar panel inoperable association with the rechargeable power supply.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a subsurface panelbelow and adjacent to the upper surface panel. In some embodiments, theapparatus further comprises a plurality of releasable fasteners, whereinthe upper surface panel is releasably attachable to the subsurface panelby engagement of a plurality of releasable fasteners. In someembodiments, the fasteners are tamper-proof.

In some embodiments, the upper surface panel allows transmission oflight energy and the subsurface panel comprises solar cells. In someembodiments, the upper surface panel is formed from a material allowingtransmission of light selected from the group consisting of glass,polycrystalline transparent ceramics, transparent nylons, polyurethane,acrylics, soda-lime-silica glasses, borosilicate glasses, fused silicaglasses, lithium disilicate based glass-ceramics, aluminum oxynitride(AION), magnesium aluminate spinel, single crystal aluminum oxide,magnesium aluminate spinel, single-crystal aluminum oxide,nanocomposites of yttria and magnesia. In some embodiments, the glass istempered. In some embodiments, the glass is high strength. In someembodiments, the glass is textured for slip resistance. In someembodiments, the solar cells are comprised of monocrystalline silicon orderivatives of monocrystalline silicon cells configured in thesubsurface panel. In some embodiments, the subsurface panel comprisingsolar cells has an opening therein for accommodation of a subsurfaceantenna. In some embodiments, the subsurface panel comprising solarcells further comprises an integrated antenna configured horizontallywithin the subsurface panel. In some embodiments, the apparatus furthercomprises one or more video panels, wherein the video panels areadjacent to the subsurface panel comprising solar cells. In someembodiments, the apparatus further comprises a rechargeable power supplyand the subsurface panel comprising solar cells is operably connected tothe rechargeable power supply. In some embodiments, the apparatusfurther comprises a plurality of LEDs and the LEDs are integrated intothe subsurface panel comprising solar cells.

In some embodiments, the subsurface panel serves as a securement platefor the upper surface panel.

In some embodiments, the subsurface panel is fastened to a generallyplanar substrate selected from the group consisting of pedestrianwalkways, sidewalks, parking lots, transit platforms, transition pointsto escalators or curbs ramps. In some embodiments, the generally planarsubstrate is formed from a material selected from the group consistingof concrete, concrete mix, metal or asphalt pavement.

In some embodiments, the subsurface panel has one or more recessestherein configured to house electronic components selected from a groupconsisting of transmitters, receivers, rechargeable power supplies,beacons, computer processors, antennae or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the upper surface panel and the subsurface panelhave an environmental sealant there between. In some embodiments, theenvironmental sealant is a silicone or rubber sealant.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a subsurfaceenclosure having a lid and wherein the lid is immediately below thesubsurface panel to provide an enclosed subsurface space in thepedestrian walkway. In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprisesa subsurface enclosure and wherein the upper surface panel, or thesubsurface panel, forms a lid for the subsurface enclosure to provide anenclosed subsurface space in a pedestrian walkway. In some embodiments,the subsurface enclosure comprises a temperature control elementselected from a group consisting of heat dissipation elements, coolingelements, venting or heating elements. In some embodiments, thesubsurface enclosure is formed from cast iron, ductile iron, stainlesssteel, aluminum, alloys, composites, polymeric materials or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the polymeric materials comprise ofplastic, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymer concrete, fiberglassreinforced plastic, bulk molding compound, sheet molding compound, aplastic composite, fiber composite or combinations thereof suitable forhousing electronic equipment in a ground substrate of concrete, asphalt,gravel, dirt, concrete mix or other suitable walkway or ground material.In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure is a vertically elongatedtube or canister shape to facilitate cooling and enhance security. Insome embodiments, the subsurface enclosure comprises walls containingmetal fragments to create an electromagnetic shield for the contents ofthe enclosure. In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure comprisesan electromagnetic shield. In some embodiments, the electromagneticshield is selected from the group consisting of a steel plate, metalscreen, or composite material with metal in the composite. In someembodiments, the subsurface enclosure incorporates penetrations orconduit for external connections or cooling functions. In someembodiments, the penetrations and conduit contains cables for powertransmission or communications.

In some embodiments, the TWPA further comprises a subsurface panelbetween the upper surface panel and the subsurface enclosure. In someembodiments, the upper surface panel is releasably attachable to thesubsurface panel by engagement of the plurality of releasable fasteners.In some embodiments, the fasteners are tamper-proof. In someembodiments, the upper surface panel allows transmission of light energyand the subsurface panel comprises solar cells. In some embodiments, theupper surface panel is formed from a material allowing transmission oflight selected from the group consisting of glass, polycrystallinetransparent ceramics, transparent nylons, polyurethane, acrylics,soda-lime-silica glasses, borosilicate glasses, fused silica glasses,lithium disilicate based glass-ceramics, aluminum oxynitride (AION),magnesium aluminate spinel, single crystal aluminum oxide, magnesiumaluminate spinel, single-crystal aluminum oxide, and nanocomposites ofyttria and magnesia. In some embodiments, the glass is tempered. In someembodiments, the glass is high strength. In some embodiments, the glassis textured for slip resistance. In some embodiments, the solar cellsare comprised of monocrystalline silicon or derivatives ofmonocrystalline silicon cells configured in the subsurface panel. Insome embodiments, the subsurface panel comprising solar cells has anopening therein for accommodation of a subsurface antenna. In someembodiments, the subsurface panel comprising solar cells furthercomprises an integrated antenna configured horizontally within thesubsurface panel. In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprisesone or more video panels, wherein the video panels are adjacent to thesubsurface panel comprising solar cells. In some embodiments, theapparatus further comprises a rechargeable power supply and wherein thesubsurface panel comprising solar cells is operably connected to therechargeable power supply. In some embodiments, the apparatus furthercomprises plurality of LEDs, wherein the LEDs are integrated into thesubsurface panel comprising solar cells. In some embodiments, thesubsurface panel serves as a securement plate for the upper surfacepanel. In some embodiments, the subsurface panel is fastened to agenerally planar substrate selected from the group consisting ofpedestrian walkways, sidewalks, parking lots, transit platforms,transition points to escalators and curbs. In some embodiments, thegenerally planar substrate is formed from a material selected from thegroup consisting of concrete, concrete mix, metal and pavement. In someembodiments, the subsurface panel has one or more recesses thereinconfigured to house electronic components selected from the groupconsisting of transmitters, receivers, rechargeable power supplies,beacons, computer processors, antennae and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the upper surface panel and the subsurface panel have anenvironmental sealant there between. In some embodiments, theenvironmental sealant is a silicone or rubber sealant.

In some embodiments, the transmitters and receivers, sensors andcomputers processors communicate through an internal antenna. In someembodiments, the antennae communicates with an antenna external to theintegrated TWPA for the purpose of boosting signal strength. In someembodiments, the external antenna is located on a light pole, utilitypole or other structure external to the enclosure.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises an antenna, whereinthe antenna resides external to the TWPA and is connected to theelectronic components, sensors, computers or rechargeable batteriesresiding in the panel apparatus. In some embodiments, an antenna isincorporated into the subsurface panel comprising solar cells in ahorizontal position and flush with the upper surface panel. In someembodiments, an antenna is incorporated into the subsurface enclosurewhere the top of the antenna sits flush beneath the upper surface panelthrough a hole in the subsurface panel and the supporting lid of thesubsurface enclosure.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a network of threeor more multipurpose TWPAs, as described above, located in predeterminedlocations in pedestrian walkways. In some embodiments, the network ofmultipurpose TWPAs is in electronic communication with at least onecentral receiver. In some embodiments, each of the multipurpose TWPAswithin the network is in electronic communication with at least oneother multipurpose TWPA in the network. In some embodiments, each of themultipurpose TWPAs within the network are configured for communicationwith transmitters or receivers located in vehicles. In some embodiments,each of the multipurpose TWPAs within the network are configured forcommunication with mobile devices.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of providingcommunication between a TWPA and an external transmitter or receivercomprising sending or receiving a signal to or from the multipurposeTWPA.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus and system for placement into or on apedestrian walkway comprising: a surface tactile panel system with aplanar surface having thereon a plurality of distinct spatially raised,three dimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detected bytactile sensation; one or more subsurface enclosures; and one or moretransmitters, sensors, receivers, electronic equipment, antenna orbatteries associated therewith. In some embodiments, the surface tactilepanel system is selected from the group consisting of a surface tactilepanel with a minimum load limit of five tons and a non-load bearingsurface tactile panel attached to a subsurface base panel where thecombination is load bearing with a minimum load limit of five tons.

In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel system is formed from amaterial selected from a group consisting of metal, glass, ceramicmaterial, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymeric material, plasticcomposite, polyurethane with glass fiber, fiber reinforced plastic,concrete, polymer concrete, fiber reinforced foam, graphene, sheetmolding compound, bulk molding compound or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the surface tactile panel system is formed from amaterial that allows radio frequency propagation and transmissionthrough the surface tactile panel system from an antenna positionedbelow the surface tactile panel system. In some embodiments, thedistinct spatially raised, three dimensional features comprise a patternselected from the group consisting an attention pattern of a pluralityof raised truncated domes or cones and a guiding pattern with aplurality of raised bars.

In some embodiments, the pedestrian walkway has a ground surfacesubstrate and said surface tactile panel system is seated in a framewhich is molded, formed or installed in said ground surface substrate.In some embodiments, the frame which is molded, formed or installed inthe surrounding ground surface substrate is load bearing with a minimumload limit of five tons. In some embodiments, the frame is formed from amaterial selected from a group consisting of metal, aluminum, ceramicmaterial, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymeric material, plasticcomposite, polyurethane with glass fiber, fiber reinforced plastic,concrete, polymer concrete, graphene, sheet molding compound, bulkmolding compound or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the systems further comprise a plurality ofreleasable fasteners, wherein said surface tactile panel sytem isreleasably attachable to said frame with said releasable fasteners whichare tamper-proof and/or lockable.

In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures areimmediately below and adjacent to said surface tactile panel system. Insome embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures are formed fromconcrete, polymer concrete, fiberglass reinforced concrete, fiberglass,fiber composite, fiber reinforced plastic, metal, plastic composites,polymeric materials, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, compositematerials, graphene, sheet molding compound, bulk molding compound andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure orenclosures have a removable lid and both the enclosure and removable lidare watertight and/or waterproof. In some embodiments, the subsurfaceenclosure or enclosures have waterproof penetrations therein tofacilitate conduit and external connections entering or exiting saidsubsurface enclosure or enclosures. In some embodiments, the subsurfaceenclosure or enclosures houses transmitters, receivers, sensors,computers, small cell radios, Wi-Fi equipment, rechargeable power,batteries, fans, ventilation equipment, cooling equipment, wirelessequipment or other electronic equipment. In some embodiments, the one ormore antenna, transmitters, receivers, sensors or other electronicequipment are physically integrated, molded into or under said surfacetactile panel system.

In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel has thereon ahigh-resolution image of two or more colors having a resolution ofgreater than 120×120 DPI. In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosureor enclosures are separate from and beneath said load bearing surfacetactile panel. In some embodiments, the load bearing surface tactilepanel is physically connected to the subsurface enclosure or enclosures.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus and system for placement into or on apedestrian walkway comprising: a surface tactile panel with a planarsurface having thereon a plurality of distinct spatially raised, threedimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detected by tactilesensation; and one or more subsurface enclosures. In some embodiments,the surface tactile panel is load bearing with a minimum load limit offive tons. In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel is loadbearing with a load limit of five to sixty tons. In some embodiments,the load bearing surface tactile panel is textured to provide slipresistance. In some embodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panelcomprises a high-resolution image of two or more colors having aresolution of greater than 120×120 DPI.

In some embodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panel is formedfrom a material selected from a group consisting of metal, glass,ceramic material, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymeric material,plastic composite, polyurethane with glass fiber, fiber reinforcedplastic, polymer concrete, fiber reinforced foam, graphene, sheetmolding compound, bulk molding compound or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panel is formed froma material that allows radio frequency propagation and transmissionthrough the load bearing surface tactile panel from an antennapositioned below the load bearing surface tactile panel.

In some embodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panel is formedfrom a material that allows radio frequency propagation and transmissionthrough the load bearing surface tactile panel from an antennaintegrated into the load bearing surface tactile panel. In someembodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panel with the integratedantenna is configured horizontally within the load bearing surfacetactile panel. In some embodiments, an antenna is incorporated into thesubsurface enclosure where the top of the antenna is positionedapproximately flush beneath the load bearing surface tactile panel in acavity on the underside or bottom of the load bearing surface tactilepanel. In some embodiments, the antenna is positioned above thesubsurface enclosure and where the top of the antenna is positionedapproximately flush beneath the load bearing surface tactile panel.

In some embodiments, the distinct spatially raised, three dimensionalfeatures comprise an attention pattern of a plurality of raisedtruncated domes or cones. In some embodiments, the raised truncateddomes or cones are circular. In some embodiments, the truncated domes orcones are arranged in an array. In some embodiments, the distinctspatially raised, three dimensional features comprise a guiding patternwith a plurality of raised bars. In some embodiments, the raised barsare parallel flat-topped elongated bars or sinusoidal ribs. In someembodiments, the raised bars are arranged in an array.

In some embodiments, the pedestrian walkway has a ground surfacesubstrate and the load bearing surface tactile panel is seated in aframe which is molded, formed or installed in the ground surfacesubstrate. In some embodiments, the frame which is molded, formed orinstalled in the surrounding ground surface substrate is load bearingwith a minimum load limit of five tons. In some embodiments, the frameis load bearing with a load limit of five to sixty tons. In someembodiments, the frame is formed from a material selected from a groupconsisting of metal, aluminum, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic,polymeric material, plastic composite, polyurethane with glass fiber,fiber reinforced plastic, concrete, polymer concrete, graphene, sheetmolding compound, bulk molding compound or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the systems further comprise a plurality of releasablefasteners, wherein the load bearing surface tactile panel is releasablyattachable to the frame and/or the ground surface with the releasablefasteners. In some embodiments, the releasable fasteners aretamper-proof and/or lockable.

In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures areimmediately below and adjacent to the load bearing surface tactilepanel. In some embodiments, the systems further comprise a subsurfaceenclosure or enclosures that are separate from and beneath the loadbearing surface tactile panel. In some embodiments, the load bearingsurface tactile panel and subsurface enclosure or enclosures areseparated by a void space and are not physically attached. In someembodiments, the void space between the load bearing surface tactilepanel and subsurface enclosure or enclosures serves as an air barrier.In some embodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panel isphysically connected to the subsurface enclosure or enclosures. In someembodiments, the load bearing surface tactile panel forms a removablelid for the subsurface enclosure or enclosures. In some embodiments, theremovable lid is releasably attached to the subsurface enclosure orenclosures by engagement of a plurality of releasable fasteners. In someembodiments, the fasteners are tamper-proof and/or lockable. In someembodiments, the removable lid is watertight and/or the one or moreenclosures are watertight. In some embodiments, the removable lid iswaterproof and/or the one or more enclosures are waterproof.

In further embodiments, the systems further comprise a load bearingsubsurface base panel below and adjacent to the surface tactile panelwherein the load bearing subsurface base panel has a minimum load limitof five tons. In some embodiments, the subsurface base panel is loadbearing with a load limit from five to sixty tons. In some embodiments,the surface tactile panel is non-load bearing and is releasablyattachable to the load bearing subsurface base panel. In someembodiments, the surface tactile panel is textured to provide slipresistance and durability. In some embodiments, the surface tactilepanel comprises a high-resolution image of two or more colors having aresolution of greater than 120×120 DPI.

In some embodiments, the subsurface base panel is formed from a materialselected from a group consisting of metal, glass, ceramic material,thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymeric material, plastic composite,polyurethane with glass fiber, fiber reinforced plastic, polymerconcrete, fiber reinforced foam, graphene, sheet molding compound, bulkmolding compound or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, thesurface tactile panel is formed from a material selected from the groupconsisting of metal, glass, ceramic material, thermoset plastic,thermoplastic, polymeric material, plastic composite, polyurethane withglass fiber, fiber reinforced plastic, polymer concrete, fiberreinforced foam, graphene, sheet molding compound, bulk molding compoundor a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the combination of surface tactile panel and loadbearing subsurface base panel are both formed from a material thatallows radio frequency propagation and transmission through the surfacetactile panel and load bearing subsurface base panel from an antennabelow the combined panels. In some embodiments, the combination ofsurface tactile panel and load bearing subsurface base panel are bothformed from a material that allows radio frequency propagation andtransmission through the surface tactile panel and load bearingsubsurface base panel from an antenna integrated into the load bearingsubsurface base panel. In some embodiments, the surface tactile paneland load bearing subsurface base panel with the integrated antenna isconfigured horizontally within the load bearing subsurface base panel.In some embodiments, an antenna is incorporated into the subsurfaceenclosure where the top of the antenna is positioned approximately flushbeneath the combination of the surface tactile panel and load bearingsubsurface base panel in a cavity on the underside or bottom of the loadbearing subsurface base panel. In some embodiments, the antenna ispositioned above the subsurface enclosure and where the top of theantenna is positioned approximately flush beneath the combination of thesurface tactile panel and load bearing subsurface base panel.

In some embodiments, the distinct spatially raised, three dimensionalfeatures comprise an attention pattern with a plurality of raisedtruncated domes or cones. In some embodiments, the raised truncateddomes or cones are circular. In some embodiments, the truncated domes orcones are arranged in an array. In some embodiments, the distinctspatially raised, three dimensional features comprise a guiding patternwith a plurality of raised bars. In some embodiments, the raised barsare parallel flat-topped elongated bars or sinusoidal ribs. In someembodiments, the raised bars are arranged in an array.

In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel is releasably attachableto the load bearing subsurface base panel by engagement of the pluralityof releasable fasteners. In some embodiments, the fasteners aretamper-proof. In some embodiments, the systems further comprise aplurality of releasable fasteners, wherein the surface tactile panel isreleasably attachable to both an existing ground surface and/or to theload bearing subsurface base panel by engagement of the plurality ofreleasable fasteners. In some embodiments, the fasteners aretamper-proof.

In some embodiments, the pedestrian walkway has a ground surfacesubstrate and the surface tactile panel and the load bearing subsurfacebase panel are both seated in a frame which is molded, formed orinstalled in the ground surface substrate. In some embodiments, theframe which is molded, formed or installed in the surrounding groundsurface substrate is load bearing with a minimum load limit of five (5)tons. In some embodiments, the frame which is molded, formed orinstalled in the surrounding ground surface substrate is load bearingwith a load limit of five to sixty tons. In some embodiments, the frameis formed from a material selected from a group consisting of metal,aluminum, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymeric material, plasticcomposite, polyurethane with glass fiber, fiber reinforced plastic,concrete, polymer concrete, graphene or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the systems further comprise a plurality of releasablefasteners, wherein the surface tactile panel and load bearing subsurfacebase panel are releasably attachable to the frame. In some embodiments,the releasable fasteners are tamper-proof and/or lockable. In someembodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures are immediatelybelow and adjacent to the surface tactile panel which is releasablyattachable to the load bearing subsurface base panel.

In some embodiments, the systems further comprise a subsurface enclosureor enclosures that are separate from and beneath the surface tactilepanel which is releasably attached to a load bearing subsurface basepanel. In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel which isreleasably attachable to the load bearing subsurface base panel and thesubsurface enclosure or enclosures are separated by a void space and arenot physically attached. In some embodiments, the void space between thesurface tactile panel which is releasably attachable to the load bearingsubsurface base panel and the subsurface enclosure or enclosures servesas an air barrier. In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel whichis releasably attached to a load bearing subsurface base panel isphysically connected to the subsurface enclosure or enclosures. In someembodiments, the surface tactile panel which is releasably attached to aload bearing subsurface base panel forms a removable lid for thesubsurface enclosure or enclosures. In some embodiments, the removablelid is releasably attached to the subsurface enclosure or enclosures byengagement of a plurality of releasable fasteners. In some embodiments,the fasteners are tamper-proof and/or lockable. In some embodiments, theremovable lid is watertight and/or the one or more enclosures arewatertight. In some embodiments, the removable lid is waterproof and/orthe one or more enclosures are waterproof.

In some embodiments, the sub-surface enclosure or enclosures are formedfrom concrete, polymer concrete, fiberglass reinforced concrete,fiberglass, fiber composite, fiber reinforced plastic, plasticcomposites, polymeric materials, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic,composite materials, graphene, sheet molding compound, bulk moldingcompound and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the subsurfaceenclosure or enclosures have a removable lid. In some embodiments, theremovable lid is releasably attached to the subsurface enclosure orenclosures by engagement of a plurality of releasable fasteners. In someembodiments, the fasteners are tamper-proof and/or lockable. In someembodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures have a removable lidthat is watertight and/or the subsurface enclosure or enclosures arewatertight. In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosureshave a removable lid that is waterproof and/or the subsurface enclosureor enclosures are waterproof.

In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures havewaterproof penetrations therein to facilitate conduit and externalconnections entering or exiting the subsurface enclosure. In someembodiments, the external conduit connections provides access forelectric cable, telecommunications cable, antenna cable, groundingcable, venting, cooling and other external connections.

In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosure housestransmitters, receivers, sensors, computers, small cells, Wi-Fiequipment, rechargeable power, fans, ventilation equipment, coolingequipment, wireless equipment or other electronic equipment. In someembodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures contains racks forthe placement, physical support and the integration of transmitters,receivers, sensors, computers, small cells, Wi-Fi equipment,rechargeable power, fans, ventilation equipment, cooling equipment,wireless equipment or other electronic equipment. In some embodiments,the subsurface enclosure or enclosures houses environmental sensors,alarms and monitoring equipment for temperature control, humidity, waterlevel, smoke, hazardous gases and enclosure entry monitoring. In someembodiments, the temperature control equipment is selected from thegroup consisting of an internal fan, heat dissipation elements, coolingelements, thermoelectric cooling methods and geothermal methods. In someembodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures comprises one ormore active or passive air vents through a conduit. In some embodiments,the venting conduit is operably connected to an external at ground inletgrate vent, above ground pedestal, light pole, traffic signal pole,trash container, bench or other above ground structure for ventingpurposes. In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosureshouses one or more batteries.

In some embodiments, the system comprises two or more of the subsurfaceenclosure or enclosures placed next to each other laterally on apedestrian handicap ramp or walkway. In some embodiments, the subsurfaceenclosures are laterally connected to each other via conduits connectedto the subsurface enclosures at conduit penetration points. In someembodiments, the laterally connected subsurface enclosures and conduitpenetration points are waterproof. In some embodiments, the subsurfaceenclosures are laterally connected by one or more couplings andconduits.

In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure or enclosures compriseswalls containing metal fragments to create an electromagnetic shield forthe contents of the container. In some embodiments, the subsurfaceenclosure or enclosures comprises an electromagnetic shield. In someembodiments, the electromagnetic shield is selected from the groupconsisting of a steel plate, metal screen, and composite material withmetal in the composite. In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure orenclosures is a vertically elongated tube or canister shape.

In some embodiments, the subsurface enclosure houses at least oneantenna. In some embodiments, the systems further comprise one or moreintegrated antennas. In some embodiments, the systems comprise one ormore an antennas external to the multipurpose tactile panel warningapparatus. In some embodiments, the antenna communicates with an antennaexternal to the multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus. In someembodiments, the external antennae is located on a light pole, utilitypole or other structure external to the tactile warning panel apparatus.In some embodiments, the systems further comprise an antenna, whereinthe antenna resides external to the tactile warning panel apparatus andis connected to the electronic components, sensors, computers orrechargeable batteries residing in the multipurpose tactile warningpanel apparatus.

In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel is formed from a materialthat is translucent allowing the transmission of light selected from thegroup consisting of glass, polycrystalline transparent ceramics,transparent nylons, polyurethane, acrylics, soda-lime-silica glasses,borosilicate glasses, fused silica glasses, lithium disilicate basedglass-ceramics, aluminum oxynitride (AION), magnesium aluminate spinel,single crystal aluminum oxide, magnesium aluminate spinel,single-crystal aluminum oxide, and nanocomposites of yttria andmagnesia. In some embodiments, the glass is tempered. In someembodiments, the glass is high strength glass. In some embodiments, theglass is textured for slip resistance. In some embodiments, the surfacetactile panel is translucent allowing the transmission of light energyand the load bearing subsurface panel comprises solar cells incombination thereof. In some embodiments, the solar cells are comprisedof monocrystalline silicon or derivatives of monocrystalline siliconcells configured in the load bearing subsurface panel. In someembodiments, the load bearing subsurface panel comprising solar cells incombination thereof has a preformed void cavity therein forincorporation of a subsurface antenna. In some embodiments, the loadbearing subsurface panel comprising solar cells further comprises anintegrated antenna configured horizontally within the load bearingsubsurface panel. In some embodiments, an antenna is incorporated intothe load bearing subsurface panel comprising solar cells in a horizontalposition and resides flush with the surface tactile panel. In someembodiments, the solar cells are comprised of monocrystalline silicon orderivatives of monocrystalline silicon cells configured in the loadbearing subsurface panel. In some embodiments, the systems furtherinclude a rechargeable power supply wherein the load bearing subsurfacepanel comprising solar cells is operably connected to the rechargeablepower supply. In some embodiments, the systems further comprise aplurality of LEDs, wherein the LEDs are integrated into the load bearingsubsurface panel comprising solar cells. In some embodiments, thesystems further comprise one or more video panels, wherein the videopanels are adjacent to the load bearing subsurface panel comprisingsolar cells.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides multipurpose tactilewarning panel apparatus and systems for placement into or on apedestrian walkway comprising: a surface tactile panel with a planarsurface having thereon a plurality of distinct spatially raised, threedimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detected by tactilesensation; and one or more transmitters, sensors, receivers, electronicequipment, antenna, batteries associated therewith. In some embodiments,the one or more transmitters, receivers, sensors or other electronicequipment are physically integrated with the surface tactile panel. Insome embodiments, the one or more molded cavities integrated into thesurface tactile panel for the housing of antenna, transmitters,receivers, sensors or other electronic equipment physically integratedwith the surface tactile panel. In some embodiments, the one or moretransmitters, receivers, sensors or other electronic equipment islocated under the surface tactile panel. In some embodiments, the one ormore transmitters, receivers, sensors or other electronic equipment arewireless. In some embodiments, the one or more transmitters, receivers,sensors or other electronic equipment are connected by wire. In someembodiments, the transmitters, receivers, sensors or other electronicequipment is selected from the group consisting of but not limited toSmall Cells, pCells, Beacons, Blue Tooth, Global Positioning System,Geofencing, Low Power Wide Area Network, Dedicated Short RangeCommunication, Wi-Fi, batteries or uninteruptible power supply systems.In some embodiments, the antenna, transmitters, sensors, receivers,computers or other electronic equipment is configured to communicatewith mobile devices, mobile device applications, wearable devices,machines or other electronic devices.

In some embodiments, the one or more sensors are selected from the groupconsisting of pressure sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors,light sensors, water level sensors, humidity sensors, smoke sensors, gassensors or radiation sensors. In some embodiments, the radiation sensorsinclude the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves orparticles through space or through a material medium such as but notlimited to electromagnetic radiation, particle radiation, acousticradiation and gravitational radiation.

In some embodiments, the apparatus and systems further comprise one ormore computer processors. In some embodiments, the one or more computerprocessors are configured for fog computing in a local distributed cloudof networked computers and processors, fog nodes or local nodes forsensing, data gathering, transmission of data, reporting, calculations,analysis and actions. In some embodiments, the apparatus and systemsfurther comprise one or more routers. In some embodiments, the apparatusand systems further comprise one or more switches.

In some embodiments, the antenna, transmitters, receivers, sensors,computers, other electronic equipment communicate using an antennaexternal to the multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus and system.In some embodiments, the external antenna is located on a light pole,utility pole, surfaced mounted on sidewalks or other structure externalto the the subsurface enclosure. In some embodiments, the externalantenna resides external to the multipurpose tactile warning panelapparatus and system and is connected by conduit, cables or other meansto the electronic components, sensors, computers and rechargeablebatteries residing in the multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatusand system. In some embodiments, the apparatus has an antenna externalto the multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus and system. In someembodiments, the surface tactile panel has an integrated antennaconfigured horizontally within the surface tactile panel. In someembodiments, the apparatus and systems further comprise one or moreantenna in operable electronic communication with the one or moretransmitters, receivers, sensors or other electronic equipment. In someembodiments, the transmitters, receivers, sensors or computersprocessors communicate through an internal antenna incorporated into thetactile warning panel apparatus and system.

In some embodiments, the apparatus and systems further include a powersupply, preferably a battery power supply, in operable association withthe one or more transmitters, receivers or other electronic equipment.In some embodiments, the power supply has integrated AC/DC converters orpower conditioners. In some embodiments, the apparatus and systemsfurther comprise a rechargeable battery power supply in operableassociation with the one or more transmitters, receivers or otherelectronic equipment. In some embodiments, the rechargeable batterypower supply is selected from the group consisting of lead-acidbatteries, nickel cadmium (NiCd) batteries, nickel metal hydride (NiMH)batteries, lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, lithium ion polymer (Li-ionpolymer) batteries, alkaline type batteries or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides multipurpose tactilewarning panel apparatus and systems for placement into or on apedestrian walkway comprising: a surface tactile panel with a planarsurface having thereon a plurality of distinct spatially raised, threedimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detected by tactilesensation; and a lower surface securement plate system having one ormore preformed void cavities therein configured to house electroniccomponents selected from the group consisting of transmitters,receivers, rechargeable power supplies, beacons, computer processors,antennae or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the surfacetactile panel is attached to a lower securement plate system. In someembodiments, the lower securement plate is fastened to a generallyplanar substrate selected from the group consisting of pedestrianwalkways, sidewalks, parking lots, transit platforms, transition pointsto escalators and curb ramps. In some embodiments, the generally planarsubstrate is formed from a material selected from the group consistingof concrete, concrete mix, metal and asphalt pavement. In someembodiments, the surface tactile panel and the lower securement platehave an environmental sealant there between. In some embodiments, theenvironmental sealant is a silicone, rubber sealant, or the like tofacilitate a waterproof seal between the surface tactile panel and thesecurement plate.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a system comprisinga network of two or more multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatusesand systems as described anywhere in the description above, theplurality of multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatuses and systemslocated in pedestrian walkways. In some embodiments, the network ofmultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatuses and systems arephysically laterally adjacent to one another. In some embodiments, thenetwork of multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatuses and systemsare connected by subsurface conduit. In some embodiments, the network ofmultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatuses and systems are inelectronic communication with at least one central receiver. In someembodiments, each of the multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatusesand systems within the network are in electronic communication withtransmitting or receiving equipment located in conjunction with at leastone other multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus and system in thenetwork. In some embodiments, each of the multipurpose tactile warningpanel apparatuses and systems within the network are configured forcommunication with transmitters or receivers located in vehicles orotherwise external to the multipurpose tactile warning panelapparatuses. In some embodiments, each of the multipurpose tactilewarning panel apparatuses and systems within the network are configuredfor communication with mobile devices. In some embodiments, each of themultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatuses and systems areconfigured in a grid defined by street intersections.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of providingcommunication between a tactile warning device and an externaltransmitter or receiver for the purpose of sending or receiving a signalto or from the multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus and systemas described anywhere in the foregoing description and an externaltransmitter or receiver.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference may bemade to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1A shows a tactile warning panel “attention pattern” showing thetruncated domes or cones parallel to the principal direction of travel;

FIG. 1B shows a tactile warning panel “attention pattern” showing thetruncated domes or cones diagonal at 45° to the principal direction oftravel;

FIG. 2A shows a tactile warning “guiding pattern” with a flat-toppedelongated oval bars pattern;

FIG. 2B shows a tactile warning panel “guiding pattern” with aflat-topped elongated rectangle bars pattern;

FIG. 2C shows a tactile warning panel “guiding pattern” with asinusoidal ribs pattern;

FIG. 2D shows a tactile warning panel “guiding pattern” with aflat-topped elongated oval rib pattern;

FIG. 3A shows a top view of a plastic composite surface mount detectablewarning panel

FIG. 3B shows a side view of a plastic composite surface mountdetectable warning panel with an inline dome attention pattern;

FIG. 3C shows a close-up detailed side view showing the molded texturepattern of a plastic composite surface mount detectable warning panelwith an inline dome attention pattern;

FIG. 3D shows a close-up view of a plastic composite detectable warningpanel; with an inline dome attention pattern;

FIG. 4 is a depiction of prior art sensors, antenna and transmittersmounted on a light pole;

FIG. 5 is a depiction of the integration of the present invention into anetwork of communicating devices in a smart city environment;

FIG. 6 is a depiction of wireless communication between the presentinvention and pedestrians and motor vehicles;

FIG. 7 is a depiction of use of the present invention to wirelesslycommunicate the surrounding environment to assist a visually impairedindividual as they navigate in an urban environment;

FIG. 8 is a depiction of the present invention in use with an externalantenna mounted at the top of a traffic signal pole and an antenna atground or surface level;

FIG. 9A is a plan view of the present invention with the surface tactilepanel and subsurface panels;

FIG. 9B is a plan view of the present invention with surface tactilepanel and a subsurface enclosure beneath it;

FIG. 9C is a plan view of the present invention with LEDs integratedinto the surface tactile panel;

FIG. 9D is a plan view of the present invention with a subsurface solarpanel and video display screen;

FIG. 9E is a plan view of the present invention with the surface tactilepanel and subsurface panels with a ground or surface level antennaincorporated into the surface tactile panel by a slotted insertionconfiguration;

FIG. 10A is a profile view of the present invention with multiple panellayers, including a subsurface solar panel, and the subsurfaceenclosure;

FIG. 10B is a profile view of the present invention with multiple panellayers, including a subsurface solar panel, heating elements, videodisplay screen and the subsurface enclosure;

FIG. 11A is a profile view of the present invention with multiple panellayers, including a solar panel, and a vertically extended subsurfaceenclosure to facilitate temperature control;

FIG. 11B is a profile view of the present invention with multiple panellayers, including a video screen, and a vertically extended subsurfaceenclosure to facilitate temperature control;

FIG. 11C is a profile view of the present invention with an integratedantenna and a vertically extended subsurface enclosure to facilitatetemperature control;

FIG. 12 is a profile view of the present invention incorporating asubsurface securement plate with void cavities therein for accommodatingwireless electronic devices;

FIG. 13 is a plan view depiction of a city street grid configuration ofthe present invention;

FIG. 14A is a 3D view showing the surface tactile panel and thesubsurface enclosure of the present invention;

FIG. 14B is a 3D view showing the surface tactile panel and thesubsurface enclosure of the present invention with a conduit connectionto a ground or surface level antenna system;

FIG. 15 is a profile view showing the load bearing upper surface tactilepanel and the other components that make up the apparatus and system ofthe present invention;

FIG. 16 is a profile view showing the upper surface panel, a loadbearing subsurface panel and the other components that make up theapparatus and system of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a profile view showing the present invention installed in theground;

FIG. 18 is a 3D view showing the present invention with an antennaintegrated into the tactile warning panel apparatus and system;

FIG. 19 illustrates a upper surface tactile panel with a lower baseplate which has a cavity built in it for the placement of beacons andother technology;

FIG. 20 is a plan view showing the lateral placement of multiple tactilewarning panel apparatuses and systems in curb ramps at a street corner;

FIG. 21 shows multiple interconnected tactile warning panel apparatusesand systems in the curb ramps at a street intersection;

FIG. 22A shows a profile view of the present invention with an antennaintegrated into the surface tactile panel;

FIG. 22B shows a profile view of the present invention which illustratesthe use of a releasable surface tactile panel and a Double L-Channelframe configuration to enable the insertion and support of an antennaunder the surface tactile panel;

FIG. 22C shows a profile view of the present invention which illustratesthe use of an external conduit and cable to connect the integratedantenna beneath the surface tactile panel;

FIG. 22D shows a profile view of the present invention which illustratesthe connection of ground level antenna apparatus that is external to thetactile warning panel apparatus and system;

FIG. 23 shows a profile view of the present invention which illustratesa side by side configuration of two tactile warning panel apparatuseswith a connection to an external antenna mounted on a light pole.

FIG. 24 shows a TWPA with the different physical components of avertical closed loop piping geothermal system;

FIG. 25 shows a TWPA with the different physical components of ahorizontal closed loop piping geothermal system;

FIG. 26 shows a TWPA with the different physical components of ahorizontal closed loop piping geothermal system where the piping is laidalong the bottom of a surface water system;

FIG. 27 shows a TWPA with the different physical components of avertical open loop piping geothermal system that is in undergroundwater.

FIG. 28 is schematic view of a TWPA with a ground coupled coolingsystem.

DEFINITIONS

To facilitate an understanding of the present technology, a number ofterms and phrases are defined below. Additional definitions are setforth throughout the detailed description.

“Accessible” as used herein, refers to a facility in the public orprivate right of way that is approachable and usable by persons withdisabilities.

“Antenna” or “Antennae” as used herein, refers to an electrical devicewhich converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. They aretypically associated with transmitters or receivers also referred to asradios.

“Attention Pattern” as used herein, refers to a tactile warning paneldesign calling attention to a hazard, or to hazards and decision points.Attention patterns can be installed in the vicinity of pedestriancrossings, at-grade curbs, railway platforms, stairs, ramps, escalators,travelators, elevators, etc.

“Decision Point” as used herein, refers to an intersection or change indirection along a path of travel defined by a tactile warning panel.

“Double L-Channel” is used herein, refers to the frame or mold in theground substrate composed of concrete or suitable material that has two(2) channels in a configuration resembling two steps.

“DSRC” is used herein, refers to dedicated short range communication.

“Electronic Equipment” as used herein, refers to all computers,transmitters, receivers, servers, sensors, circuit boards, circuitry,processors, fog nodes, fog computers, electronic display devices, andall devices that contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusivelyof active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such acircuit is described as an electronic circuit.

“Fog Nodes” as used herein, refers to one or a collaborative multitudeof end-user clients or near-user edge devices that carry out asubstantial amount of storage and computation tasks rather than withdata stored and computation tasks taking place primarily in cloud datacenters.

“Fog Computing” as used herein, is an architecture that uses one or acollaborative multitude of end-user clients or near-user edge devices(Fog Nodes) to carry out a substantial amount of storage and computationtasks rather than using data stored and computation tasks taking placeprimarily in cloud data centers.

“Graphic Design” as used herein, refers to a product of graphic artincluding text and/or graphics, communicating an effective message orpleasing design, including but not limited to logos, advertising,branding, promotion, pictures, graphics, posters, signs and any othertypes of visual communication. The graphic design preferably comprisesselected and arranged visual elements—for example, typography, images,symbols, and colors—that convey a message to an audience or create aneffect.

“Guiding Pattern” as used herein, refers to a tactile warning paneldesign indicating a direction of travel or a landmark.

“Hazard” as used herein, refers to any area or element in, or adjacentto, a direction of travel, which may place people at risk of injury.

“Load Bearing” as used herein, refers to the strength or physicalcharacteristics of a product that can withstand a minimum of five (5)ton test load up to and exceeding a sixty (60) ton test load withoutsupport from the ground substrate, such as concrete, directly under theproduct.

“Load Bearing Subsurface Base Panel” as used herein, refers to anon-tactile panel or smooth surface panel that can withstand a minimumof five (5) ton test load up to and exceeding a sixty (60) ton test loadwithout support from the ground substrate, such as concrete, directlyunder the subsurface base panel.

“Load Bearing Surface Tactile Panel” as used herein, refers to a tactilewarning panel with tactile surface profiles molded into the panel thatcan withstand a minimum of five (5) ton test load up to and exceeding asixty (60) ton test load without support from the ground substrate, suchas concrete, directly under the surface tactile panel.

“Non-Load Bearing” as used herein, refers to the strength or physicalcharacteristics of a non-traffic rated product that cannot withstandgreater than a 1,000-pound test load without support from the groundsubstrate, such as concrete, directly under the product.

“Machine-to-Machine” (M2M) as used herein, refers to directcommunication between devices using any communications channel,including wired and wireless.

“pCells” as used herein, is a Distributed Input/Distributed Output(DIDO) mobile wireless technology.

“Pedestrian Walkway” as used herein, refers to a path designed forpedestrian use, such as a passage for walking, a path set aside forwalking, a passage or path connecting buildings, or a passage or path,especially one which is covered or raised above the ground. The term“pedestrian walkway” encompasses the following: sidewalks or pavement,footpath, footway, shared-use path, pathway, multi-use path, curb ramps,stairs, ramps, passageways, segregated footway, blended transitions,platform, footbridges, stiles, tunnels, walkways, pedestrian lanes,pedestrian accessible route, pedestrian street crossing, alternatepedestrian access route, alternate pedestrian walkway, temporarypedestrian walkway, pedestrian overcrossing, pedestrian undercrossing,pedestrian overpass, escalators, travelators, crosswalk, moving walkway,transit platforms, sky bridge and the like.

“Pedestrian Access Route” as used herein, refers to a continuous andunobstructed path of travel provided for pedestrians with disabilitieswithin or coinciding with a pedestrian circulation path in the publicright-of-way. Pedestrian access routes in the public right-of-way ensurethat the transportation network used by pedestrians is accessible topedestrians with disabilities.

“Sensors” as used herein, refer to electronic devices that are employedto measure, record and report a plethora of static and dynamic datacharacterizing events, conditions and objects. For example, but notlimited to temperature, compression from walking, counting people,counting vehicles, measuring vehicular speed, characterizing sounds,light, and airborne chemicals.

“Small Cells” as used herein, to refer to low-powered radio access nodesthat operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum. They are “small”compared to a mobile macro cells because of their range; 10 meters to 2kilometers as compared with a range that can exceed ten (10) kilometers.They are being deployed by wireless carriers for offloading mobile dataas a more efficient use of radio spectrum. Small cells are a vitalelement to 3, 4 and 5G data offloading. They are viewed as vital tomanaging LTE Advanced spectrum more efficiently than macro cells.

“Smart city” as used herein, to refer to a city that incorporates theapplication of electronic sensors, transmitters, receivers, fog nodes,fog computing, small cells, computers, antennae, applications of smartphones and other M2M technologies to increase safety, efficiency,congestion, reduce pollution and generally improve the quality of lifeof its citizens.

“Smart Transportation” as used herein, to refer to the use of computers,transmitters, receivers, antennae, fog nodes, fog computing, DSRC,roadside units and combinations thereof to make transportation moreaccessible, efficient and safe.

“Subsurface Enclosure” as used herein, refers to the enclosure under thesurface tactile panel that houses electronic equipment.

“Surface Tactile Panel” as used herein, refers to an upper surface panelwith a planar surface having thereon a plurality of distinct spatiallyraised, three dimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detectedby tactile sensation.

“TWPA” is used as the acronym for tactile warning panel apparatus andsystem.

“Tactile Walking Surface Indicator” as used herein, refers to astandardized walking surface used for information by blind orvision-impaired persons.

“Thermoelectric Cooling” as used herein, refers to technology that usesthe Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of twodifferent types of materials.

“Truncated Domes or Cones” as used herein, refers to a type of attentionpattern also referred to as flat-topped domes or cones.

“Wayfinding” as used herein, encompasses all the ways in which peopleorient themselves in physical space and navigate from place to place. Inurban planning, it is a consistent use and organization of definitesensory cues (tactile elements and provision for special-needs users)from the external environment.

“Closed Loop Piping System” as used herein refers to geothermal systemthat uses a continuous loop of special buried pipe as a heat exchanger.

“Earth Loop” as used herein refers to a series of pipes, typicallypolyethylene, buried underground that contain water, water-ethanol mixand the like to prevent freezing.

“Geothermal System” as used herein refers to a ground source heating orcooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground.

“Heat Exchanger” as used herein refers to a device designed toefficiently transfer or “exchange” heat from one matter to another.

“Heat Pump” as used herein refers to a mechanical-compression cyclerefrigeration system that can be reversed to either heat or cool anenclosure.

“Open Loop Piping System” as used herein refers to a geothermal systemthat uses an open loop of special buried pipe that uses a surface watersystem from a conventional well, pond, lake, stream and like as a heator cooling source.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Tactile warning panels, such as those incorporated into the surfacetactile panel of the TWPA of the present invention, are widely used inmany developed and some developing countries to provide wayfindinginformation to pedestrians who are visually impaired. Tactile warningpanels are also used to alert people with visual impairments when theyare approaching a hazard such as the edge of a platform, a flight ofstairs, an escalator or the end of the pavement and the beginning of thestreet. Tactile warning panels should be readily detectable anddistinguishable from the surrounding or adjacent surfaces by visuallyimpaired people. They are used for both indoor, as well as, outdoorlocations. By providing tactile information for safety and wayfinding,tactile warning panels improve the confidence, independence and qualityof life for people who are visually impaired. This is achieved byenabling them to participate in employment, social, recreational,educational, cultural and religious activities.

There are other systems and devices for providing wayfinding and safetyinformation to people who are visually impaired. These includeaccessible signals that use sound or vibration to provide informationfor crossing at pedestrian traffic lights. Such electronic systems cancomplement, but do not replace, the requirement for tactual information.

Among their advantages, tactile warning panels can lead users preciselyto a destination, can be used to provide information both indoors andoutdoors, do not require electric power and do not require users topurchase or maintain any special equipment. Tactile warning panels wereoriginally developed in 1965 by Seiichi Miyake who lived in Japan. Twogeneric texture patterns are used for tactile warning panels (“attentionpatterns” and “guiding patterns”). The usage of these tactile warningpanel patterns differs somewhat from country to country. Over the years,extensive research in various countries has established that both“attention patterns” (truncated domes or cones) and “guiding patterns”(raised bars) are highly detectable when used in association withtypical walking surfaces, and that they are distinguishable from eachother. Since 1965, tactile warning panel surface textures have beenmodified, and systems of installation vary worldwide, not only amongstcountries, but also within countries. Multiple patterns, sizes, colorsand specifications of materials and systems for installations can now befound. However, consistency is important when providing tactileinformation for people who are visually impaired. Each country may havesome unique aspects but in general terms the tactile warning panels dohave many similar characteristics. International Standards have evolved(ISO 23599, 03/01/12). The scope of this standard says that “it is notintended to replace requirements and recommendations contained in . . .national standards, regulations and guidelines”. However, “nationaldesign standards provide for high-quality products taking into accountdifferent physical, climatic and social situations of each country, aswell as, provide consistent tactile warning panel systems within acountry”. The ISO standard permits differences in parameters such asshapes, dimensions, arrangements, formula of the luminance and method ofinstallation. This is to give flexibility when considering differentnational circumstances.

In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the “attentionpattern” comprises truncated domes or cones (also commonly referred toas: detectable warning system, detectable warnings, detectable warningsurface, detectable warning panel, tactile warning surfaces, raisedtactile profiles, tactile tile, tactile detectable warnings, tactilewarning surface, tactile, truncated domes, truncated dome surface,embedment tile device, Braille blocks, blister paver, attentionpattern), and is used primarily to indicate hazards, decision points ordestination facilities. A decision point may be at an intersection or ata change in direction along a guided path. The “attention pattern” isarranged in a square grid, parallel or diagonal at 45 degrees to theprincipal direction of travel. FIG. 1A shows an “attention pattern”panel 100 with a square or inline grid. The “attention pattern” panel100 is preferably parallel to principal direction of pedestrian travel.The truncated domes or cones are rounded/conical dome structures 107protruding upward from the surface of the substrate panel. The top area105 of the truncated domes or cones is a flat surface. FIG. 1B shows an“attention pattern” panel 100 with truncated domes or cones diagonal at45 degrees to principal direction of pedestrian travel. The truncateddomes or cones are rounded/conical dome structures 107 protruding upwardfrom the surface of the substrate panel. The top area 105 of thetruncated domes or cones is a flat surface. The spacing and size of thedomes varies depending on specific country, government or localmunicipality specifications. As an example, although not all inclusive,the International Standards (ISO 23599) state that the height of thetruncated domes or cones is preferably 4 mm to 5 mm. The top diameter oftruncated domes or cones preferably range from 12 mm to 25 mm, and thebottom diameter of truncated domes or cones is preferably (10±1) mmgreater than the top diameter. The spacing refers to the shortestdistance between the centers of two adjacent truncated domes or coneswhich may be parallel or diagonal at 45 degrees to the direction oftravel. The spacing is preferably within the ranges shown in relation tothe top diameter in Table 1—Top diameter and corresponding spacing oftruncated domes or cones. The tolerance of the top diameter ispreferably ±1 mm.

TABLE 1 Top Diameter of Truncated Domes or Cones Mm Spacing mm 12 42 to61 15 45 to 63 18 48 to 65 20 50 to 68 25 55 to 70These truncated dome panels can be any color as long as the colorcontrasts to the surrounding concrete, asphalt pavement or othermaterial in which they are installed. Common colors are red, yellow,black, brown, patina, grey, and white. “Attention patterns” may beinstalled in the vicinity of pedestrian crossings, at-grade curb ramps,railway platforms, stairs, ramps, escalators, travelators, elevators,etc.

The “guiding pattern” comprises raised bars (also commonly referred toas: elongated bars, directional blocks, elongated oval bars, elongatedoval ribs, elongated rectangle bars, thin linear protrusions, raisedovals, sinusoidal ribs, sinusoidal, ribbed tile, guiding pattern), andis used to guide visually impaired pedestrians to places such aspedestrian crossings, entrances to buildings, lifts and other amenities.Different designs have been developed for “guiding patterns” althoughflat-topped elongated bars are the most common. FIG. 2A is a “guidingpattern” substrate 113 with elongated oval bars. The elongated oval barshave a rounded top edge 115 and a flat-top 117. FIG. 2B shows a “guidingpattern” substrate 113 with elongated rectangle bars. The elongatedrectangle bars have a rounded top edge 121 and a flat-top 117. FIG. 2Cis a “guiding pattern” substrate 113 with a sinusoidal ribs design. Thesinusoidal rib has a high ridge 125 and a low valley point 123.Sinusoidal patterns are less easily damaged by snow plows thanflat-topped bars. FIG. 2D is a “guiding pattern” substrate 113 with anelongated oval ribs design. The elongated oval ribs have a rounded topedge 129 and a flat-top 131. These raised bars in most cases runparallel to the direction of pedestrian travel. The spacing and size ofthe raised bars varies depending on specific country, government orlocal municipality specifications. As an example, the InternationalStandards (ISO 23599) state that the height of the flat-topped elongatedbars is preferably 4 mm to 5 mm. The top width of flat-topped elongatedbars preferably range from 17 mm to 30 mm. The bottom width ispreferably (10±1) mm wider that the top. The spacing refers to thedistance between the axes of adjacent flat-topped elongated bars. Thedistance is preferably in relation to the top width, as shown in Table2—Top width and corresponding spacing of axes of flat-topped elongatedbars. The tolerance of the top width is preferably ±1 mm.

TABLE 2 Top Width of Flat-Topped Elongated Bars Mm Spacing Mm 17 57 to78 20 60 to 80 25 65 to 83 30 70 to 85The top length of flat-topped elongated bars is preferably more than 270mm and the bottom length is preferably (10±1) mm longer than the top.The distance between the ends of flat-topped elongated bars should be nomore than 30 mm. The International Standards (ISO 23599) state that thedifference in level between the wave crest and the wave trough ofsinusoidal rib patterns is preferably 4 mm to 5 mm. The distance betweenthe axes of two adjacent wave crests of sinusoidal rib patterns ispreferably 40 mm to 52 mm. The length of the sinusoidal ribs should beat least 270 mm. The flat-elongated bars or sinusoidal ribs can be anycolor as long as the color contrasts to the surrounding concrete orpavement.

“Guiding patterns” may be used alone or in combination with “attentionpatterns” to indicate the walking route from one place to another.Truncated domes or cones and elongated bars or sinusoidal ribspreferably have beveled or rounded edges to decrease the likelihood oftripping and to enhance safety and negotiability for people withmobility impairments.

In the United States these tactile warning panel products for thevisually impaired are called detectable warnings or truncated domes(detectable warning surfaces/panels). Detectable warnings were requiredin 1991 by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ADA recognizesand protects the civil rights of people with disabilities and is modeledafter earlier landmark laws prohibiting discrimination based on race andgender. The ADA mandated that many municipalities, governmental bodies,commercial/public buildings, shopping centers, transit platforms,loading docks, etc. utilize detectable warning panels. The detectablewarning panel is a distinctive surface pattern of domes(three-dimensional substrate) detectable by cane or underfoot and isused to alert people with visual impairments of their approach tostreets and hazardous drop-offs. The visually impaired rely on acombination of visual cues (color contrast), tactile cues (sweepingcane, sole of shoes, wheelchairs and walker wheels) and audio cues(sound) to identify these hazardous areas. Table 3 shows some of thesignificant ADA Guideline documents for public right-of-way, state andlocal government facilities and commercial facilities.

TABLE 3 Description Date Section Subject U.S. Access Board - ProposedJul. 26, 36 CFR Part 1190 Where They are Required, AccessibilityGuidelines for 2011 Sections R208 & R305 - General, Truncated Domes,Pedestrian Facilities in the Detectable Warning Dome Size, Dome SpacingPublic Right-of-Way Surfaces and Color Contrast Department of Justice -Sep. 15, Regulations at 28 CFR Where They are Required, 2010 ADAStandards for 2010 35.151 & the 2004 General, Dome Size, Dome State andLocal Government ADAAG at 36 CFR part Spacing, Color ContrastFacilities: Title II 1191, appendices B and D and Platform EdgesDepartment of Justice - Sep. 15, Regulations at 28 CFR Where They areRequired, 2010 Standards for Public 2010 part 36, subpart D; andGeneral, Dome Size, Dome Accommodations and the 2004 ADAAG at 36Spacing, Color Contrast Commercial Facilities: CFR part 1191, andPlatform Edges Title III appendices B and D Department of Nov. 29,Regulations at 49 CFR Detectable Warning Transportation 2006 part 37RequirementsTo ensure that buildings and facilities are accessible to and usable bypeople with disabilities, the ADA also establishes accessibilityrequirements for state and local government facilities, places ofaccommodation, and commercial facilities. Under the ADA, the U.S. AccessBoard has developed and continues to maintain design guidelines foraccessible buildings and facilities known as The Americans withDisabilities Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG). The ADAAGdevelops/defines certain types of rules/applications for detectablewarnings where pedestrian ways blend with vehicular ways (hazardousvehicular areas) including curb ramps, pedestrian crossings, transitfacilities, commercial applications (hotels, restaurants and retailstores), parking lots/structures, stairways, escalator approaches andaccessible building routes.

The ADAAG 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design state that detectablewarnings preferably consist of a surface of truncated domes. The ADAstandards for these truncated domes in a detectable warning surfacepreferably have a base diameter of 0.9 inch minimum and 1.4 inchesmaximum, a top diameter of 50 percent of the base diameter minimum to 65percent of the base diameter maximum, and a height of 0.2 inch.Truncated domes in a detectable warning surface preferably have acenter-to-center spacing of 1.6 inches minimum and 2.4 inches maximum,and a base to base spacing of 0.65 inch minimum, measured between themost adjacent domes on a square grid.

Multiple companies manufacture and sell ADA compliant tactile warningpanels in the United States. The detectable warning panel substratematerial types include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, metal, castiron, ductile iron, ceramic, concrete, HDPE, plastic, plastic composite,vitrified polymer composite, herculite polymer composite, nylon 6, nylon6/6, fiberglass, rubber, fiber reinforced plastic, PVC, Poly, sheetmolding compound, thermoset plastics, thermoplastics, rubber, otherfibrous materials and the like. In addition, the panel substrates comein different panel designs depending on the tactile warning panelspecifications, as well as, installation requirements in the field.These designs include cast in place, upgradeable, replaceable, overlay,surface mount, surface applied, retrofit, radius sections and the like.FIG. 3A shows a plan view 167 of a plastic composite ADA compliantsurface mount detectable warning panel with an inline dome attentionpattern. The truncated dome on the ADA compliant surface mountdetectable warning panel is shown as 169. FIG. 3B is a side view of thispanel. FIG. 3C is a cut-away view of this panel which shows thetruncated domes and the micro texturing which is molded into the panelto provide the necessary slip resistance. FIG. 3D shows the holes 171 inthe panel for the fasteners to secure the panel to the load bearingsubsurface panel, concrete, asphalt pavement or another ground surfacesubstrate. This surface mount panel also has a sloped angle 172 on theperimeter of the panel so that it does not create a trip hazard and toprovide the necessary strength to the plastic substrate. Manufacturersof detectable warning panels provide them in a variety of solid colorsas specified by their customers (states, municipalities, transitcompanies, engineers, architects and corporate). The most popular colorsused in the United States are federal yellow and brick red. Typically,these panels come in various sizes with the most widely used sizes being2′×2′, 2′×3′, 2′×4′ or 2′×5′.

Real estate in metropolitan areas is expensive to secure. The physicallocation where tactile warning panels are installed on publicright-of-way becomes more valuable when multifunctional capabilities areadded. This valuable real estate goes beyond street intersections incities, they extend to other locations as well, including: pedestrianwalkways; transit platforms, transit stations, subways and bus stops;the front entrance of retailers where the pedestrian walkway transitionsinto the parking lot; airports, hospitals, convention centers, sportsstadiums, universities, government buildings, theme parks, commercialbuildings, restaurants, etc.

Many smart city service providers are looking for a consistent, scalablefootprint in major cities around the world. They are looking to build aplatform to connect disparate sensors deployed throughout a city. Withwireless communications growing in popularity, the need to placeantennae and small cells for sending and receiving communicationssignals of all types is growing. FIG. 4 depicts a transmitter, receiverand antenna attached to a light post or light pole. This FIG. 4illustrates the problem cities are facing with the growing demand forlocations to attach and install smart city technology in the cityright-of-way. These electronic equipment “add-ons” to light and utilitypoles is unsightly, provides clutter to the cityscape, as well as, isvulnerable to vandals, criminals and other nefarious intents. Inaddition, in most cases these light and utility poles are not designedto handle the additional weight requirements of this electronicequipment.

The present invention enables a far more secure solution for theplacement of electronic equipment or antennae than current alternatives.The TWPA located at city street intersections also offers cities theopportunity to establish a near ubiquitous and integrated footprint forthe processing and communications of local data for “Fog Computing” tosupport local M2M and IoT functions such as vehicular to pedestrian,vehicular to vehicle, vehicular to infrastructure communications andother smart city applications and functions.

The present invention TWPA greatly expands the utility of thetraditional tactile warning panels typically located at pedestrianwalkways, transportation ramps, or other locations where pedestriansgather or walk. The utility of these panels is greatly expanded by thepresent invention by layering and integrating a tactile warning panel, aload bearing surface tactile panel, a load bearing subsurface basepanel, a subsurface enclosure and other TWPA components that enable theunobtrusive placement of smart city technology including wirelessconnectivity by incorporating or integrating sensors and the wirelesssending or receiving devices both internal and external to the TWPA.Sensors contained in the TWPA provide a multitude of M2M functionsincluding but not limited to enhanced visual and electronic cues fromlocations on sidewalks, intersections, transit platforms, parking lotsand all other locations requiring ADA compliant tactile warning panels.Another embodiment contains integrated solar panels and batteries topower electronic components operating within the TWPA independent of thepower grid.

An embodiment of the TWPA is the integration of structural componentsthat enable the delivery of smart city functionality in a secure,hardened, fully integrated and self-contained apparatus that protectsfunctionality against vandalism, criminal activity, terrorists and othernefarious activity. In the alternative embodiments, metal components,metal screening and metal substances in the composite materials makingup the subsurface enclosure provides shielding from electromagneticinterference. In further embodiments, tamper resistant bolts, flushmounting and the placement of the TWPA in a concrete substrate providesfurther security from vandalism, criminal activity, terrorists and othernefarious activity.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to tactile warning panels,and in particular to a TWPA that is designed and built to enable spaceunderneath tactile warning panels for the placement of smart citytechnology for connected multifunctional capabilities. Thesecapabilities include communications or energy technology that creates anovel and fully integrated, connected and intelligent multifunctionapparatus to support smart city technology deployment and, M2M and othercommunications needs nested within a secure subsurface enclosure.

The present invention expands the capability of tactile warning panelsbeyond tactile and visual warnings to the visually impaired, as well as,serving as a new media for displaying high quality full color graphicalimages (U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,311,831 B2 and 9,361,816 B2).

Communications and energy technologies that are integrated in theapparatus of the present invention include, but are not limited to,Beacons, Blue Tooth, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Geofencing, LowPower Wide Area Network (LPWAN), Dedicated Short Range Communication(DSRC), WiFi, sensors, small cells, augmented reality, solar power, LEDlighting, HD video, rechargeable batteries, battery backup, AC/DCconversion, electric power conditioning or combinations thereof.

In alternative embodiments, security against vandalism and otherunwanted destruction of the TWPA is provided by its placement inconcrete and with hardened external surfaces. Security againstelectromagnetic interference or destructive pulses is provided by acombination of internal steel panels, wire meshing and incorporation ofmetal particles in the composite material in the walls of the subsurfaceenclosure. The present invention adds further value to the ADA complianttactile warning panels by greatly increasing the functionality of thepanel and its ADA required footprint at street corners andintersections. Added functionality of the present invention addresses amultitude of challenges cities face due to population growth and aginginfrastructure.

Currently, about half of the world's population is living in urbanareas. It is estimated that by 2050, 66% of the global population willlive in urban areas. This equates to an estimated 6.4 billion people, asharp increase from the 3.9 billion people who inhabit cities today.This rapid urban growth over the next 35 years will pose severalchallenges including congestion, inadequate infrastructure, publicsafety and energy management just to name a few. Governments at thecity, state, and federal levels confront a similar dilemma worldwide,how to meet increased citizen expectations in the face of reduced orflat budgets. This challenge contributes to an increasing gap betweencitizen expectations and what government can actually deliver. Anemerging community of civic leaders and companies are joining forces tobuild “smart cities”. Smart cities are communities that are building aninfrastructure to continuously improve the collection, aggregation, anduse of data to improve the life of their residents by harnessing thegrowing data revolution, low-cost sensors, and research collaborations,and doing so securely to protect safety and privacy.

With these limited resources, municipal leaders are looking to advancesin technology to help solve these problems. More than perhaps anytechnological advance since the dawn of the internet, the Internet ofEverything (IoE), the networked connection of people, process, data, andthings, holds tremendous potential for helping public-sector leadersaddress their many challenges and make their communities more efficientand safer. Applications are targeted to unleash spare capacity, cut outpeaks, implement small-scale thinking and foster people-centeredinnovation. Technology convergence and advancements have propelledrobustly interconnected systems, ubiquitous data capture and theincreased availability and importance of big data. The IoE Economy isabout enabling people to be more productive and effective, make betterdecisions, and enjoy a better quality of life.

The tremendous worldwide growth of smartphones has enhanced the drivefor intelligent connectivity. In 2013, 3.4 billion people, or 50% of theglobal population, are active users of mobile data services. In 2020,4.3 billion people are projected to use smartphones. It is alsoprojected that mobile service usage rates will continue to acceleratewith traffic growth rates of 61% through 2018. The Internet ofEverything (IoE) is likely to continue increasing at an exponential rateof growth. Approximately 99.4% of objects that will likely be part ofthe IoE, are still unconnected. In addition, it is estimated that 50billion things will be connected to the Internet by 2020 with majorgrowth coming from the field of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication.Key to the actualization of M2M functionality will be the placement anddata collection from a large multitude of sensors.

As M2M technologies mature and proliferate, so will the need for M2Mcommunication in an exploding array of applications from smart-cars tosmartphone applications (apps) that warn of hazards like walking off acurb into traffic. LPWANS and DSRC are emerging as viable technologiesand offer advantages over the cellular networks and Wi-Fi for M2Mcommunication.

The need to place communications devices in and around city streets toenable Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) associated withvehicular and pedestrian traffic is growing. As vehicles become moreconnected with their environment (road, signals, toll booths, othervehicles, walking pedestrians), efficiencies and safety greatlyincrease. Lower accident rates will be experienced due tovehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Forexample, a 2013 report by the Eno Center for Transportation predictedthat driverless vehicles would make roads dramatically safer byeliminating the human factors that cause 93 percent of crashes. FIG. 5shows how DSRC technology can provide efficient and effectivevehicle-to-vehicle 201 (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure 205 (V2I),vehicle-to-pedestrian 210 (V2P) and infrastructure-to-pedestrian 215(I2P) data communication. Infrastructure-to-pedestrian is important tothose who are handicapped and, in particular, the visually impaired asdepicted in FIG. 6, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. Roads with crosswalks and ADAcurb ramps for wheelchairs, train station platforms and bus stopspresent a unique hazard to the visually impaired and hence the passageof Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the near universalrequirement to deploy tactile warning panels on all publicrights-of-way.

However, hazards to the visually impaired are becoming hazards to the“device-absorbed pedestrian” as well. Drivers of vehicles who text, havebecome a major problem on our roads and highways. And now, pedestriansare exhibiting the same bad habit of texting while walking. Pedestrianfatalities, surprisingly, frequently occur in crosswalks. Over half ofpedestrian collisions occur in the crosswalk when the pedestrian has theright of way.

In a study by Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, three (3) out of five(5) or roughly 60% of walking pedestrians prioritize the use ofsmartphones over safety when crossing the street. They rank smartphoneuse as the most distracted crossing behavior and 70% admit that texting,emailing and talking on a phone is a dangerous behavior. This comparesto 40% believing that running across a street to beat traffic and 26%believing that jaywalking is dangerous. Yet they still do it.

A. Wireless Technology Used in Conjunction with the Present Invention.

1. iBeacons and Beacons

The term iBeacon and beacon are often used interchangeably. iBeacon isthe name for Apple's technology standard, which allows mobileapplications (“apps”) that run on both IOS and Android devices, tolisten to signals from beacons in the physical world and reactaccordingly. In essence, Beacon technology allows mobile apps tounderstand their position on a micro-local scale, and deliverhyper-contextual content to users based on locations. Beacons areprimarily proximity detection devices that broadcast outbound signals.iBeacons and beacons are ideal for detecting smartphones and sendingalerts and data to apps on those devices. The underlying communicationtechnology for beacons is Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE; explained in moredetail below).

Beacons typically have a wireless range of 1 m to 70 m, with the rangedependent on the beacon's broadcast signal power. The higher thebroadcasting signal power the greater the range at which mobile deviceswill be able to pick up the signal and convert it into information. Thebeacon, on detecting the respective app on a mobile device, measures thestrength of the signal being received, translates it into an approximatedistance, and sends a notification when a certain threshold is met. Inoperation, a pedestrian's smartphone listens for beacons placed in theTWPA on the pedestrian walkways and when it finds one, it receivesinformation associated with that beacon's identification. Theinformation appears as words on the user's smartphone screen. Theinformation may also be replayed via the smartphones voice-overfunction. For visually and audibly impaired, vibrations are also amethod of communication to the user of the smartphone or portable mobileelectronic device. The information exchanged with the smartphone mayinclude text messages, voice warnings, audible alarms and vibrations.Information provided may inform the person with the smartphone or mobileelectronic device of major intersections, pedestrian crossings, streethazards, and facilities such as post office or banks, bus stops andrailway stations.

In addition to enhancing safety, BLE beacon technology may be adapted byretailers who use BLE beacon technology to deliver context-richexperiences to their customers. The ability to trigger a mobile messageto a customer based on their proximity allows for content to be morerelevant than ever before. In a retail scenario, the typical uses forBeacons are to, for example, greet customers, send proximity-basedoffers and coupons, give customers access to loyalty program details,enable contactless payments, and upsell to customers.

There is an emerging field for retailers of proximity-based marketingand analytics as a new way to bridge online and offline experiences fortheir customers. With retailers trying to make the best use of thistechnology, mall owners too are considering the installation of beaconsto make the mall experience a little more engaging. The Beacon providesa new revenue stream for malls in the form of sponsored content. Beaconswill be helpful in breaking down large common spaces into discrete areasthat can float different messages to visitors depending on where theyare. These discrete digital spaces could be sold to advertisers indifferent packages.

Another example of beacons being used is major sports stadiums. TWPAsplaced at stadiums (outside entrance gates, at top of escalators, at topof stairs, at mid stair landings, etc.) offer fans a completelyinteractive experience at the stadium. Some of the features offered tovisitors via Beacons are, for example, offers and rewards; personalizedhistory on the stadium; team schedule, directions, parking andfacilities information including food and drinks; and interactive mapsand directories.

The TWPA invention enables businesses to deliver superior customerexperiences using beacons for engagement, messaging and analytics.Because of beacons, the physical world is now the new digital channel.There's no doubt that these small devices, with the proximity-basedservices they deliver, are all set to revolutionize the way bothvisually impaired and the non-visually impaired people interact withpublic spaces.

2. Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data overshort distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves) from fixed andmobile devices, and building personal area networks. Bluetooth comes intwo varieties: Bluetooth Classic and BLE. They both operate in the 2.4to 2.4835 GHz ISM band. Bluetooth Low Energy is also referred to asBluetooth Smart. Classic and BLE differ in that they use a different setof channels. Classic uses 79 1-MHz channels. Smart uses 40 2-MHzchannels. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems ofsynchronization. Bluetooth is preferred for more complex applicationsrequiring consistent communication and more data throughput. BLE is awireless personal area network technology used for transmitting dataover short distances. BLE has low energy requirements. It can last up to3 years on a single coin cell battery. BLE is ideal for simpleapplications requiring small periodic transfers of data.

3. Global Positioning Systems

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation systemthat provides location and time information in all weather conditions,anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line ofsight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides criticalcapabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world.The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makesit freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

GPS technology is one of a multitude of methods by which the location ofthe TWPA can be identified for the purpose of measuring proximity to acommunicating mobile device. Limitations to this form of geo-locationmay exist where line-of-sight to at least four satellites is obstructedby tall buildings or other structures.

4. Geofencing

A geofence is a virtual perimeter for a real-world geographic area. Ageofence could be dynamically generated—as in a radius around a store orpoint location, or a geofence can be a predefined set of boundaries,like school attendance zones or neighborhood boundaries.

The process of using a geofence is called geofencing, and one example ofusage involves a location-aware device of a location-based service userentering or exiting a geofence. This activity could trigger an alert tothe device's user as well as messaging to the geofence operator. Thisinformation, which could contain the location of the device, could besent to a mobile telephone or an email account.

The TWPA provides the network of wireless communicating devices toenable the dynamic creation and tearing down of geofences at will. Thewide deployment of panel apparatuses as part of the deployment oftactile warning panels on city sidewalks and curbs at intersectionsenables dynamic geofences throughout cities where size, configurationand activation times are dynamically controlled by city administration.Safety, crime prevention, and police work would be enhanced.

5. Low Power Wide Area Network

LPWAN is a new low power low bit rate technology that offers significantadvantages over cellular networks and Wi-Fi for providingmachine-to-machine (M2M) communications. There is enormous potential forthe Internet-of-Things for businesses to collect data from thousands ofdevices, analyze and act upon this data to make quick and accuratedecisions. Technical challenges, such as limited battery life, shortcommunication distances, high costs and a lack of standards have impededprogress in the widespread use of this technology. The LoRaWANtechnology (Long Range Wide-Area Networks) overcomes many hurdles. Basedon a new specification and protocol for low-power, wide-area networksthat taps an unlicensed wireless spectrum, the technology can connectsensors over long distances, while offering optimal battery life andrequiring minimal infrastructure. LPWAN's deliver benefits such asimproved mobility, security, bi-directionality, andlocation/positioning, as well as lower costs.

6. Dedicated Short Range Communication

Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) is a two-way short-range tomedium-range wireless communication capability operating at the 5.9 GHzspectrum, that permits very high data transmission critical incommunications-based active safety applications. This technology isspecifically designed for automotive and transportation use. FIGS. 5-8illustrate how DSRC and other short-range communications of the presentinvention serve the visually impaired, the device-distracted pedestrian,other vehicles and city infrastructure with tools to safely navigatestreets, sidewalks, transportation platforms and other pedestrianwalkways. Research is currently being conducted using DSRC and otherwireless communications technologies to ensure safe, interoperableconnectivity to help prevent vehicular crashes of all types and toenhance mobility and environmental benefits across all transportationsystem modes. FIG. 5 illustrates the many types of vehicles (i.e.,trains 220, buses 225, emergency vehicles 230, personal vehicles 235 andbicycles 240) navigating roadways that are hazards to the distracted andvisually impaired 245 and how wireless mobile communications technology,depicted by wireless signal circles 250, can be used to connect andlocate vehicles equipped with transmitting and receiving devices locatedon the vehicles and/or pedestrians such as visually impairedindividuals. As described in more detail below, the TWPA preferablycomprises transmitters and/or receivers (and optionally sensors andother electronic components) that communicate with transmitters orreceivers located on the vehicles and also preferably with a receivingand/or transmitting device carried by the pedestrian. The transmittersand/or receivers thus provide a network that facilitates communicationbetween vehicles and/or pedestrians or other individuals (such asbicyclists or visually impaired individuals) carrying a devicecompatible with the network. FIG. 6 illustrates how the TWPA 300 of thepresent invention integrates with and enhances location awareness ofDSRC equipped vehicles e.g., trains 320, buses 325, emergency vehicles330, personal vehicles 335, bicycles 340, and trucks 345. FIG. 7provides an illustration how the electronic equipment and sensors in aTWPA 400 of the present invention communicates by a wireless signal,depicted by wireless signal circles 420, with a pedestrian 405 to alertthe pedestrian of potential hazards such as an approaching vehicle 410.FIG. 7 also illustrates how the traffic signal light 430 can communicatevia wireless communication 420 with the electronic equipment and sensorsin a TWPA 400, vehicles 410 and pedestrians 405. FIG. 8 illustrates howelectronic equipment and sensors in a TWPA 500 of the present inventioncan communicate via conduit and wires 502 with an antenna 505 located ontop of a pole or nearby structure 510 in proximity to the TWPA 500 wherewireless communication longitudinally may be impeded due to thelimitations imposed by the subsurface enclosure location of antennae andvarious embodiments of the invention such as environmental hardening byconcrete and EMI shielding. FIG. 8 also illustrates how the TWPA 500 canbe connected by conduit 504 to an external ground level antenna 503located in a small ground surface level enclosure.

7. Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a local area wireless computer networking technology thatallows electronic devices to connect to the network, mainly using the2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands. Itis based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE)802.11 standards. Computers and Wi-Fi enabled devices can connect to anetwork such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Suchan access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet)indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as smallas a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as manysquare kilometers achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.

8. Augmented Reality

Augmented reality is a live direct or indirect view of a physical,real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) bycomputer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPSdata. By incorporating wireless data inputs from a network oftransmitting devices nested within the TWPA's enclosure, personsemploying augmented technology can visualize location and surroundingsthrough a variety of sensory inputs including visual, auditory andtactile; one or multiple combinations of these.

9. Sensors

Sensors are electronic devices that are employed to measure, record andreport a plethora of static and dynamic data characterizing events,conditions and objects. For example, but not limited to temperature,humidity, water levels, enclosure entrance, compression from walking,counting people, counting vehicles, measuring vehicular speed,characterizing sounds, light, and airborne chemicals.

B. Cloud and Fog Computing Used in Conjunction with the PresentInvention

The Internet of Things (IoT) and the immense amount of data that sensorsgenerate are stressing existing cloud computing architectures. Existingcloud architectures are simply inefficient for the transmission,processing and analysis of all the data that a rapidly growing number ofsensors create. Doing so requires a great deal of bandwidth and all theback-and-forth communication between the sensors and the cloud cannegatively impact performance. Centralized cloud-based processing isinherently flawed for this task when huge amounts of data are involvedand latency is a critical factor in the effective utility of theInternet of Things. Although latency may simply be annoying when thesensors are part of a gaming application, delays in data transmissioncan be life-threatening if the sensors are part of a vehicle-to-vehiclecommunication system or large-scale distributed control system for railtravel

The IoT requires a new kind of infrastructure. The cloud itself can'tconnect and analyze data from thousands and millions of different kindsof things spread out over large areas. Capturing the power of the IoTrequires new solutions that can connect new kinds of things to thenetwork, secure things that produce data and can handle an unprecedentedvolume, variety, and velocity of data as it travels from the networkedge to the cloud.

A solution to this problem is “Fog Computing,” a term coined by Cisco.In a fog-computing environment, much of the processing takes place in adata hub on a smart mobile device or on the edge of the network in asmart router or other gateway device. Whereas the cloud is “up there” inthe sky somewhere, distant and remote, the “fog” is close to the ground,right where things are getting done. It consists not of powerfulservers, but weaker and more dispersed computers of the sort that aremaking their way into appliances, factories, cars and street lights.This distributed approach is growing in popularity because of thegrowing number of intelligent devices on the edge of the cloud. The word“fog” is meant to convey the idea that the advantages of cloud computingcan—and should—be brought closer to the data source. (In meteorology,fog is simply a cloud that is close to the ground.) Perhaps the keydifferentiator of the fog is the geographical distribution of devices,and how location provides an important input. Fog computing solutionssecure the IoT devices and protect the data they produce as it travelsbetween the network edge and the cloud. Fog computing directs the datato the best place for analysis: fog nodes or a data center cloudplatform. Depending on the industry and application, fog nodes cannumber in the hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands. Manyapplications will benefit from the fog including deployment of networksensors such as smart grids or smart water, and intelligenttransportation along roads and rail. The higher-quality signals alongthese networks from the distributed deployment of local nodes willpresent a new means for adding robustness to these networks. This is awhole new paradigm for internet-based computing, with the addition of agreat many nodes that combine intelligence as well as aid capacity.

C. Electric Power Generation and Storage Used in Conjunction with thePresent Invention

The need for clean energy is of growing importance worldwide.Electricity and heat production accounts for 25% of 2010 globalgreenhouse gas emissions. The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil forelectricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhousegas emissions. Solar and wind generation of electricity offer thepromise of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while powering our growingneed for electricity.

1. Solar Electric Power Generation

Solar panels are made of monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous(thin film) materials and are growing in popularity as a source ofaugmenting traditional electric power generation. Inverters convert DCto AC 120 VAC 60 HZ to deliver AC current and to tie into the electricgrid. US Patent Application 20150121780 presents a walkable photovoltaicfloor that is comprised of pieces of laminated glass of multiple layersthat are joined together by an encapsulant and by an intermediate layerof photovoltaic material within a peripheral sealed frame.

2. Rechargeable Batteries

An embodiment of this invention includes rechargeable batteries. Theyare comprised of several different combinations of electrode materialsand electrolytes including lead-acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickelmetal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer(Li-ion polymer).

D. Enclosure Technology used in Conjunction with the Present Invention

Kim M. Goldstein, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,321,928 B1) discloses acontainer apparatus to place in the ground to provide a secure anchor toan above surface enclosure for the housing of electronic or otherequipment. However, Goldstein subsurface container does not houseelectronic and other equipment. In addition, it does not have adetectable warning panel as the top cover panel.

SCTE specifies (ANSI/SCTE 77 2010) the testing of integrity ofgrade-level underground closures containing telecommunications or otherlow voltage apparatus that may be exposed to the public. Six ASTMstandards apply including: ASTM D543-06; ASTM D570-05; ASTM D635-06;ASTM D2444-05; ASTM G154-06; and ASTM C1028027.

Yenni (U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,595) includes in the composite material thatforms the structure of the enclosure, fibrous metal mat that has fiberssurrounded by a fiber-coat giving the container ElectromagneticInterference (EMI) shielding characteristics.

Beyond serving the visually impaired, embodiments of the TWPA providesmart-city technologists the means to serve and providedevice-distracted pedestrians ways to better and more safely navigatestreets, sidewalks and transportation platforms while engaging withtheir electronic devices. For the visually impaired anddevice-distracted pedestrian, the TWPA enables a multitude of other cuesto hazardous situations. Such cues are audio or visual messages tohandheld mobile electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets,computers or other wearable electronic devices such as a smart watch,Fitbit, etc.

The TWPAs of the present invention is composed of a multitude of fullyintegrated horizontally layered panels, platforms and enclosure FIGS.9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 10A, 10B, 11A, 11B, 11C and 12). In some preferredembodiments, the TWPAs comprise a load bearing surface tactile panelthat comprises a plurality of distinct specially raised, threedimensional features arranged in a pattern to be detected by tactilesensation by users of a pedestrian walkway. In another preferredembodiment, the non-loading bearing surface tactile panel is secured toa load bearing subsurface base panel. The remaining platforms arepreferably arranged beneath the surface tactile panel and provideenhanced functionality for the TWPA.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the surface tactile panelcomprises a tactile warning panel that is American Disability Act (ADA)compliant. In further embodiments, the surface tactile panel compriseshigh quality full color graphical images, described in more detail below(U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,311,831 B2 and 9,361,816 B2). In some embodiments, thesurface tactile panel utilized in the TWPA of the present invention isone solid color, while in other embodiments, the surface tactile panelincludes a graphic design displaying at least two, three, four or morecolors on the surface tactile panel. In other embodiments, the surfacetactile panel provides a transparent top layer to allow the transmissionof light to the solar panels immediately underneath the surface tactilepanel. Accordingly, the surface tactile panel may be formed from amaterial including, but not limited to metals, polymeric materials,concrete, brick, natural stone, ceramic, fiberglass, tempered glass,tiles or composites. In some embodiments, the surface tactile panelsubstrate is made slip resistant and/or durable to withstand harshenvironments such as winters, pedestrian traffic, vehicle traffic, etc.by inclusion in or by coating of various polymeric, inorganic particlesor organic particles to increase frictional resistance betweenpedestrian feet and the walking surface of the surface tactile panel.

Referring to FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E, in some embodiments the TWPA600 of the present invention comprises a surface tactile panel 610comprising an array of truncated domes 615 that provide an ADA complianttactile warning panel. The truncated domes 615 project upward from theplanar surface 620 of the surface tactile panel 610. In someembodiments, the TWPA 600 comprises a plurality of fasteners 625 so thatthe surface tactile panel 610 can be permanently or releasably attachedto a load bearing subsurface base panel 645 or a ground surface such asasphalt pavement, concrete or metal that is in a pedestrian walkway. Inthe preferred embodiments, the surface tactile panel 610 is mountedhorizontally in relation to the ground surface. In other embodiments,the fasteners 625 allow permanent or releasable attachment to a loadbearing subsurface base panel 645 that forms part of the TWPA 600. Thepresent invention is not limited to the use of any particular type ofpermanent or releasable fasteners 625. Suitable fastener systems aredescribed in detail in Henshue Patent application 14/661,853, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The TWPAs 600 of thepresent invention comprises an integrated surface tactile panel 610, aload bearing subsurface base panel 645, and a subsurface enclosure 630with the surface tactile panel 610 being the uppermost top panel, whichis exposed to the environment. Still referring to FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9Dand 9E, the in some embodiments the surface tactile panel 610 is formedfrom glass or other material that allows transmission of light. In someembodiments, the glass is hardened and tempered glass.

The TWPA 600 depicted in FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E may also furthercomprise a load bearing subsurface base panel 645, which hasincorporated a solar panel, which located adjacent to and beneath thesurface tactile panel 610. The load bearing subsurface base panel 645comprises one or more, for example a plurality, of solar cells (notdepicted) that are used to power the TWPA 600. In some embodiments, theload bearing subsurface base panel 645 has therein an antenna 635arranged horizontal just beneath the surface tactile panel 610. Inalternative embodiments, the load bearing subsurface base panel 645 hastherein a void cavity 640 to accommodate the top of an antenna locatedin a subsurface enclosure 630 beneath the load bearing subsurface basepanel 645. In some embodiments, the TWPA 600 comprises a conduit 650that allows access to the load bearing subsurface base panel 645 and/orsubsurface enclosure 630. The conduit 650 preferably provides a couplingor penetration entrance through which run cables 655, forcommunications, video or electrical wire. In some embodiments, the TWPA600 comprises a fan 660 that facilitates airflow in and out of the TWPA600 for the purpose of venting and cooling. A separate conduit forproviding air or venting air is also depicted 680.

In some embodiments, the load bearing subsurface base panel 645 hastherein a series of holes 632 that allow attachment (preferablyreleasable attachment) of the load bearing subsurface base panel 645 toan underlying subsurface enclosure 630 and in some embodiments to theground surface as well.

In some embodiments, the TWPA 600 of the present invention furthercomprises an elongated vertical container FIG. 9B, 670. Referring toFIG. 9B, the vertical wall 670 of the vertical container is shown inrelation to the surface tactile panel 610. In some embodiments, the loadbearing subsurface base panel 645 has a void cavity 640 therein toaccommodate the top of an antenna 635 located in a subsurface enclosure630 beneath the load bearing subsurface base panel 645.

In some embodiments, the TWPA of the present invention further comprisesan LED lighting strip FIG. 9C, 661 that serve as an enhanced visualwarning and are integrated into the load bearing subsurface base panel645.

Referring to FIG. 9D, a TWPA 600 of the present invention comprises aload bearing subsurface base panel 645 with an integrated video screen662 nested within solar panels 665.

In some embodiments of the present invention, FIG. 9E depicts anembodiment where an antenna unit 636 is placed into a void cavity 640 ofthe surface tactile panel 610 that is connected to radios and otherelectronic equipment or batteries contained below in the subsurfaceenclosure 630 through an opening 640. The housing where the antenna unit636 is placed, contains notches that match small protrusions 637 on theedge of the antenna unit 636 and surface tactile panel 610 void cavity640 so that the antenna unit 636 sits securely in the surface tactilepanel 610 and aligns with the truncated domes 615.

FIGS. 10A and 10B each provide a profile view of a TWPA 700 of thepresent invention. Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, the TWPA 700comprises a surface tactile panel 710, a load bearing subsurface basepanel 715, and a subsurface enclosure 720. The subsurface enclosure 720is preferably waterproof and has a lid that is releasably fastened. TheTWPA of the present invention is preferably designed to have replaceablefeatures since the surface tactile panel and possibly the load bearingsubsurface base panel can be damaged in the harsh outdoor environment.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show the surface tactile panel 710 has an upper planarsurface 725. Spatially raised features 730 in an attention patternprojected upwardly from the upper planar surface 725 of the surfacetactile panel 710. In some embodiments, the surface tactile panel 710 isformed from tempered glass, i.e., glass that has been strengthened orhardened, or other material that allows transmission of light. In someembodiments, oxide or another additive is included in the glass toprovide slip resistance. In other embodiments, the surface tactile panelmay be composed of polycrystalline transparent ceramics such as aluminaAI203, yttria alumina garnet (YAG) and neodymiumdoped ND:YAG and otherproducts of nanoscale ceramic technology. Still further embodiments forthe surface tactile panel may include but not be limited to transparentnylons, polyurethane, acrylics, soda-lime-silica glasses, borosilicateglasses, fused silica glasses, lithium disilicate based glass-ceramics,aluminum oxynitride (AION), magnesium aluminate spinel (spinel), singlecrystal aluminum oxide (sapphire, aluminum oxynitride spinel(AI23O27N5), Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAL204), single-crystalaluminum oxide (sapphire—AI2O3), and nanocomposites of yttria andmagnesia. In some embodiments, oxide or another additive is included inthe glass to provide slip resistance. In some embodiments, the surfacetactile panel comprises an image. Spatially raised features generallyare rounded dome structures protruding upward from the surface of thesubstrate panel as dictated by the laws, rules, and regulations of localjurisdiction, which will specify their size, shape, height, and spacing.There is usually some variation of truncated round domes or conesarranged in an attention pattern or array. Another category of spatiallyraised features is guiding indicators (guiding pattern), generallycomprising three-dimensional parallel flat-topped elongated bars orsinusoidal ribs. These bars or ribs are installed in an array at rightangles to the direction of travel at either the sides of a walkway oralong its center. A person with impaired vision carrying a cane detectsthe guidance bars or ribs by a sweeping action across the bars or ribswith the cane. Guidance indicators are more commonly used outside theUnited States.

In FIGS. 10A and 10B the surface tactile panel 710 is removeablyattached to the subsurface enclosure 720 and optionally a groundsubstrate 740 such as concrete by fasteners 735. In some embodiments,the fasteners 735 secure the surface tactile panel 710 to the subsurfaceenclosure 720 with the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 securelysandwiched in between. Referring to FIG. 10A, in some embodiments, theload bearing subsurface base panel 715 includes an integrated solarpanel comprising one or more solar cells. Referring to FIG. 10B, in someembodiments the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 incorporates avideo screen, alone or in combination with solar cells. In someembodiments, the video screen is positioned so that the display fromvideo screen is transmitted through a transparent surface tactile panel710. In some embodiments, the video screen is approximately the samesize as the surface tactile panel while in other embodiments the videoscreen or screens are smaller and may optionally be contained in theload bearing subsurface base panel 715 along with, for example, one ormore solar cells.

Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, in some embodiments, the load bearingsubsurface base panel 715 comprises an integrated antenna 755 arrangedhorizontally within the load bearing subsurface base panel 715. In otherembodiments, the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 has a hole FIG.10A, 745 therein to accommodate the integrated antenna 755 standingvertically within the subsurface enclosure 720.

The subsurface enclosure 720 is preferably waterproof and formed frommaterials including, but not limited to, cast iron, ductile iron,stainless steel, aluminum, alloys, fiberglass reinforced plastic,polymeric concrete, plastic composites, composites and polymericmaterials. Suitable polymeric materials include, but are not limited to,plastic, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, a plastic composite, sheetmolding compound, bulk molding compound, fiber composite, fiberglassreinforced plastic, polymer concrete or combinations thereof. Polymericmaterials may also include metal particles to provide shielding fromelectromagnetic interference and pulses. In preferred embodiments, theentire subsurface enclosure 720 sits within a surrounding groundsubstrate 740 such as concrete, gravel concrete mix or other hardenedsubstrate creating a secure environment offering protection fromvandalism and criminal or terrorist activity.

Further embodiments of the invention incorporate fasteners 735, hinges,hinge plates, bolts, screws or other similar devices to secure thesurface tactile panel 710 and the load bearing subsurface base panel 715to the subsurface enclosure 720. For example, in some embodiments, awaterproof seal or gasket 765 is arranged between the surface tactilepanel 710, the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 and the subsurfaceenclosure 720. The entire TWPA 700 is embedded directly into themoldable ground surface such as concrete 740.

In some embodiments, a removable lid FIG. 10A, 772 on the subsurfaceenclosure 720 supports the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 andthe surface tactile panel 710. The lid 772 has therein one or more holes774 accommodating a silicone or other waterproof material that providesa waterproof barrier while enabling a connecting wire 776 to passthrough the lid 772 connecting the load bearing subsurface base panel715, comprising solar cells, to a power converter and battery 778 in thesubsurface enclosure 720. In some embodiments, the lid 772 has asilicone or other sealant material 765 serving as a waterproofing gasketbetween where the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 and thesubsurface enclosure 720 surfaces are pressed together when attached. Insome embodiments, the lid 772 has a hole therein and sealing O-ring toaccommodate a integrated antenna 755.

Still referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, in some embodiments, thesubsurface enclosure 720 has therein a panel 780, formed from stainlesssteel, metal screen or other EMI shielding material that shields theelectronic equipment beneath the panel 780, for example sensors,batteries, power supplies, transmitters, receivers, etc. fromelectromagnetic interference. The panel 780 has a hole 781 therein withelectrically insulating material to allow the integrated antenna 755 andthe connecting wire 776 between the solar panel and the converter andbatteries to pass through. In some embodiments, the TWPA incorporates anantenna 755 that transmits and receives data from a plurality ofelectronic devices and sensors within the TWPA. In some embodiments, theantenna 755 is attached to and in electronic communication with one ormore transmitters or receivers 782 within the TWPA. In some embodiments,the transmitters and receivers are also in electronic communication withadditional electronic devices 784 and/or computers or computerprocessors 786 operating within the subsurface enclosure 720. In someembodiments, the electronic equipment and computers are arranged onracking FIG. 10A, 788 that rest on the bottom of the inside of thesubsurface enclosure 720. In some embodiments, the TWPAs of the presentinvention communicate in either a wired or wireless protocol with anexternal antenna FIG. 8, 505 on a vertical structure, for example a topof a pole or nearby structure 510 supporting a streetlight, trafficlight or other structure. The external antenna 505 enablesmulti-direction wireless communication at greater distances than anantenna placed within the TWPA subsurface enclosure. In someembodiments, the external antenna communicates wirelessly with theantenna in the TWPA.

In some embodiments, the TWPA FIG. 10A, 700 comprises a conduit 790 thatconnects the TWPA 700 to wired external communications and power cables792. In another embodiment of the invention, the conduit 790 serves as acooling and/or venting tunnel to dissipate heat from the electronicequipment residing in the waterproof subsurface enclosure. A small fanFIG. 10A, 794 apparatus facilitates the airflow exchange. In someembodiments, the subsurface enclosure 720 has conduit 789 in order toexhaust air from the subsurface enclosure 720.

In still further embodiments, the TWPA FIG. 10A, 700 of the presentinvention includes one or more sensors 712 and beacons 714. In someembodiments, the sensors 712 measure and report a plethora ofinformation, including but not limited to, temperature, humidity, water,enclosure entry, equipment alarms, foot traffic counts, location of theTWPA, sounds that can be characterized such as gunshots, status ofoperating components, warnings, triggers for visual warnings displayedthrough the upper surface panel from a subsurface video display panel,communication with smartphones carried by pedestrians who have visual,device or other impairments. In some embodiments, the guidance isaudible or tactile sensations emitting from the portable mobile device.In some embodiments, the sensors 712 send and receive M2M data, anddetect and characterize vehicular and pedestrian traffic with wirelesssend/receive devices. In some embodiments of the present invention, theTWPA integrates technologies including, but not limited to, Small Cells,Beacons, Bluetooth, Global Positioning Systems, Geofencing, Low PowerWide Area Network, Dedicated Short Range Communication, Wi-Fi, AugmentedReality Capabilities as described above in detail.

Referring to FIG. 10B, in some embodiments a heating element 717 isincorporated into the load bearing subsurface base panel 715 for thepurpose of melting ice and snow on the surface tactile panel 710. Afurther embodiment replaces the solar cells in the load bearingsubsurface base panel 715 with a plurality of heating elements 717 withpower supplied by an external power source via cables 792 through theconduit 790.

A further embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIGS. 11Aand 11B which provides a profile view of the TWPA 800 comprising ansurface tactile panel 810, and a load bearing subsurface base panel 815and a vertically elongated subsurface container 820 housing a pluralityof components including but not limited to sensors 825, electronics 830,computer processors 835, antenna 840, batteries 845, wirelesstransmitting and receiving units 850 and other electronic equipment 855enabling the TWPA's many functions. Additional components include, butare not limited to, electromagnetic shielding material 857. The purposeof the elongated subsurface container 820 is to facilitate cooling. Eachcomponent within the container is mounted to the vertical external wall860 and connected with wires through a wiring harness tray or conduit865 that is attached to the inside of the container wall 860 to containwires 866. In some embodiments, there is an internal lid 873 and handles875 on the lid 873 which enable the lid 873 to be removed so thatcomponents within the subsurface container 820 can be removed forinspection, repair, replacement, upgrades to electronic components orother purposes. One embodiment provides for wired 866 access external tothe TWPA through a conduit 880 and provides for a conduit 867 forexhaust or venting purposes.

Referring to FIG. 11A, the TWPA 800 with an elongated subsurfacecontainer 820 incorporates a surface tactile panel 810 with tactileraised features 805. The load bearing subsurface base panel 815 hasincorporated in it, a solar panel 816 comprising a plurality of solarcells. Referring to FIG. 11B, the TWPA 800 with an elongated subsurfacecontainer 820 incorporates a surface tactile panel 810 with tactileraised features 805. The load bearing subsurface base panel 815 hasincorporated, a video screen 817. In each instance, the surface tactilepanel 810 and load bearing subsurface base panel 815 are attached to theelongated container 820 with fasteners, preferably corrosion resistantfasteners 885 that anchor the surface tactile panel 810 to thesubsurface elongated container 820 in addition to anchoring the TWPAinto a concrete, concrete mix, ground or similar substrate 890.

FIG. 11C illustrates a load bearing surface tactile panel 818, with amolded space 854 for the placement of an antenna plate unit 856. Thesurface plate of the antenna plate unit 856 is comprised of compositematerial that is suitable for the transmission of radio frequencysignals. The edges of the plate have small protrusions 887 that fit intothe notch holes on the edge of the molded space 854 into the surfacepanel 818 causing the tactile raised features to align properly. In analternative embodiment, a fan 826 moves air into and out of theenclosure 820 for cooling and venting purpose in association withconduits 867 and 880.

FIG. 12 provides another embodiment of the TWPA 900 of the presentinvention. The TWPA 900 comprises a surface tactile panel 910 and asecurement plate 912. The surface tactile panel 910 preferably comprisesan array of truncated domes 915 that provide a tactile warning panel.The truncated domes 915 project upward from the planar surface 920 ofthe surface tactile panel 910. The TWPA preferably comprises a pluralityof fasteners so that the surface tactile panel 910 can be releasablyattached 945 to the securement plate 912. In other embodiments, thefasteners allow permanent or releasable attachment to the securementplate 912 that forms part of the TWPA. The securement plate 912 isattached to a concrete, concrete mix or other solid substrate 925 bycorrosion resistant fasteners 930 that screw into anchors or sleeves 935that are imbedded in the ground substrate 925. The surface tactile panel910 is in turn attached to the securement plate 912 by corrosionresistant fasteners 945. The surface tactile panel 910 incorporatestactile raised features, the truncated domes 915, and is preferablyformed from steel, thermoplastic, sheet molding compound or othernon-metallic composite material. In some embodiments, the securementplate 912 is formed from, metal, steel, thermoplastic, thermoset plasticsheet molding compound or other non-metallic composite material, orother composite material and has indentation features, pockets, or voidcavities 960 therein that accommodate the placement of beacons 970 andbatteries 975, along with transmitters or receivers that are positionedbetween the surface tactile panel 910 and the securement plate 912. Insome embodiments, the electronic components 970 are connected to abattery 975 by a wire 980 that lays in an elongated indentation oneither the lower or upper surface of the securement plate 912. In otherpreferred embodiments, batteries are integrated into the housing of theelectronic components.

Deployment of TWPAs at every intersection as shown in FIG. 13 enableslarge data capture capabilities within a cities grid of intersectionsfor a multitude of purposes ranging from traffic counts, types ofvehicles, pedestrian flow and counts when sensors are incorporated intothe TWPAs. In some embodiments, the TWPAs of the present invention serveas an array of distributed processors in a Fog Computing and serverconfiguration in a smart city deployment as also shown in FIG. 13. Inaddition, FIG. 13 depicts a network of TWPAs at every street cornersidewalk handicap ramp 1010 deployed in a densely populated urban area1020 within a city.

FIG. 14A shows a three dimensional view of the installation of the TWPA1100 in a handicap ramp 1102. ADA rules and regulations along with Statejurisdictions provide the approved designs for both handicap ramps 1102and the tactile warning panel 1104. Typically, the handicap ramp 1102and adjacent sidewalk 1106 is formed and poured using concrete. In mostcases, the TWPA 1100 will be located in public right-of-way in asidewalk handicap ramp 1102 or at transit stops/crossings. The tactilewarning panel 1104 is installed near the roadway side 1114 of the ramp.Further, FIG. 14A provides a view of the tactile warning panel 1104, thesubsurface enclosure 1108, the frame 1110 which is embedded in theconcrete and conduit penetrations 1112 which enter the subsurfaceenclosure 1108 underground. Only the tactile warning panel 1104 will bevisible once the TWPA 1100 is installed, backfilled and the concretepoured and cured.

FIG. 14B shows another three dimensional view of the installation of theTWPA 1100 in a handicap ramp 1102. The tactile warning panel 1104 andsubsurface enclosure 1108 are in the handicap ramp 1102. The subsurfaceenclosure 1108 has conduit penetrations 1112. The sidewalk 1106 isformed and poured with concrete. In addition, the TWPA 1100 has aconduit 1115 that connects the TWPA 1100 to a ground level manholeenclosure 1116 that houses an external antenna.

The TWPA is made up of many different system components. FIG. 15 showsone design of the TWPA and system. This embodiment shows a one-pieceload bearing surface tactile panel 1200. The load bearingcharacteristics, a minimum of five (5) tons up to and exceeding sixty(60) tons, of the load bearing surface tactile panel 1200 is requiredsince in the TWPA application, the tactile warning panel has no supportfrom the ground substrate (concrete) like it would if it was directlyattached to the concrete ground substrate. All current industry-widetactile warning panel designs rely on the strength of the groundsubstrate (concrete) in order to keep the tactile warning panel frombecoming damaged if a vehicle or heavy truck like a loaded dump truck orsemi were to drive up onto the handicap ramp. With the TWPA there is theadditional requirement of not breaking through the tactile warning paneland thus damaging the expensive smart city technology housed in thesubsurface enclosure 1208. The load bearing surface tactile panel 1200preferably allows radio frequency signals to travel through it fromwireless technology in the above or in the subsurface enclosure 1208 andis formed from materials including, but not limited to, fiber reinforcedplastic, plastic composites, polyurethane and glass fiber, compositesand polymeric materials. Suitable polymeric materials include, but arenot limited to, plastic, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, plasticcomposite, sheet molding compound, fiber composite, fiberglass, orcombinations thereof.

The different system components shown in FIG. 15 include a load bearingsurface tactile panel (all one-piece panel) 1200, a metal or plasticcomposite frame 1202 that the load bearing surface tactile panel 1200sits in or is secured to. The frame 1202 is embedded in the concrete orother ground substrate, a waterproof enclosure lid 1204 attached to thesubsurface enclosure 1208, locking and tightening screws/latches/straps1206 that secure the waterproof enclosure lid 1204 to the top of thesubsurface enclosure 1208. One embodiment includes a side channel 1210attached to the subsurface enclosure 1208 to secure the subsurfaceenclosure 1208 to the surrounding substrate. The subsurface enclosure1208 is preferably waterproof and formed from materials including, butnot limited to, stainless steel, aluminum, alloys, fiber reinforcedplastic, polymeric concrete, plastic composites, composites andpolymeric materials. Suitable polymeric materials include, but are notlimited to, plastic, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, plasticcomposite, sheet molding compound, fiber composite, fiber reinforcedplastic, polymer concrete or combinations thereof. Polymeric materialsmay also include metal particles to provide shielding fromelectromagnetic interference and pulses.

Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 16. Thisdesign shows a system that provides both a non-load bearing surfacetactile warning panel 1300 and a load bearing subsurface base panelwithout tactile features 1302. In this design the non-load bearingsurface tactile warning panel 1300 is secured with fasteners to the loadbearing subsurface base panel without tactile features 1302. Anotherembodiment of the invention secures the surface tactile warning panel1300 through the use of adhesives and/or in combination with fasteners.The load bearing characteristics, of a minimum of five (5) tons up toand exceeding sixty (60) tons, of the load bearing subsurface base panelwithout tactile features 1302 is required since in this application thenon-load bearing surface tactile warning panel gets no support from theground substrate (concrete) like it would if it was directly attached tothe concrete ground substrate. All current industry wide tactile warningpanel designs rely on the strength of the ground substrate (concrete) inorder to keep the tactile warning panel from becoming damaged if avehicle or heavy truck like a loaded dump truck or semi were to drive uponto the handicap ramp. With the TWPA there is the additionalrequirement of not breaking through the surface tactile warning paneland thus damaging the expensive smart city technology housed in thesubsurface enclosure 1208. The non-load bearing surface tactile warningpanel 1300 and preferably allows radio frequency signals to travelthrough it from wireless technology in or on top of the subsurfaceenclosure 1208 and is formed from materials including, but not limitedto, fiber reinforced plastic, plastic composites, poly urethane andglass fiber, composites and polymeric materials. Suitable polymericmaterials include, but are not limited to, plastic, thermoset plastic,thermoplastic, plastic composite, sheet molding compound, fibercomposite, fiber reinforced plastic, or combinations thereof. In oneembodiment of the invention, the load bearing subsurface base panel 1302preferably also allows radio frequency signals to travel through it fromwireless technology in or on top of the subsurface enclosure 1208 and isformed from materials including, but not limited to, fiber reinforcedplastic, plastic composites, poly urethane and glass fiber, compositesand polymeric materials. Suitable polymeric materials include, but arenot limited to, plastic, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, plasticcomposite, sheet molding compound, fiber composite, or combinationsthereof.

The different system components shown in FIG. 16 include a non-loadbearing surface tactile warning panel 1300, a load bearing subsurfacebase panel without tactile features 1302, a metal or plastic compositeframe 1202 that the load bearing subsurface base panel without tactilefeatures 1302 sits in or is secured to and the frame 1202 that getsembedded in the concrete or other ground substrate, a waterproof lid1204 attached to the subsurface enclosure 1208, locking and tighteningscrews/latches/straps 1206 that secure the waterproof enclosure lid 1204to the top of the subsurface enclosure 1208. One embodiment of theinvention includes a side channel 1210 attached to the subsurfaceenclosure 1208 to secure the subsurface enclosure 1208 to thesurrounding ground substrate composed of backfill material. Thesubsurface enclosure 1208 is preferably waterproof and formed frommaterials including, but not limited to, stainless steel, aluminum,alloys, fiber reinforced plastic, polymeric concrete, plasticcomposites, composites and polymeric materials. Suitable polymericmaterials include, but are not limited to, plastic, thermoset plastic,thermoplastic, a plastic composite, sheet molding compound, bulk moldingcompound, fiber composite, polymer concrete or combinations thereof.Polymeric materials may also include metal particles to provideshielding from electromagnetic interference and pulses.

FIG. 17 shows a profile view of the TWPA 1400 installed in the ground,backfilled with washed stone 1404 and the surrounding concrete 1403. Thesubsurface enclosure 1208 includes a waterproof enclosure lid 1204attached to the subsurface enclosure 1208, locking and tighteningscrews/latches/straps 1206 that secure the waterproof enclosure lid 1204to the subsurface enclosure 1208. The subsurface enclosure 1208 isbackfilled with washed stone 1404 prior to the concrete 1403 handicapramp being poured and cured. The construction process includesinstalling plywood forms or a prefabricated plastic composite skirt 1410to hold back the washed stone backfill 1404 and the concrete 1403 whenit is poured. This creates an air space 1406 between the surface tactilepanel 1200 and the subsurface enclosure 1208. This air space 1406 allowsspace for an underground antenna depicted in FIG. 18 or other equipmentto be placed in this area. Referring back to FIG. 17, the frame 1202made of steel or composite plastic material, is formed and embedded inthe concrete 1403 handicap ramp or other sidewalk substrate. This frame1202 will provide the seat for the load bearing surface tactile panel1200. The load bearing surface tactile panel 1200 or in the alternativeembodiment the non-load bearing surface tactile panel FIG. 16, 1300attached to a load bearing subsurface base panel 1302, is seated in theframe 1202. The surface tactile panel 1200 is releasably fastened to theframe 1202 with a threaded bolt or secure locking mechanism 1402. Thefastener 1402 could also be designed as a tamper-proof fastener. Thecombination of these system components make up the TWPA 1400.

FIG. 18 shows a profile view of the TWPA that includes an integratedunderground antenna 1500 embodiment. The different system components ofthis embodiment include a load bearing surface tactile panel 1502 with asmaller insertable load bearing surface tactile panel cover 1504 thatallows radio frequency propagation or transmission through it. The frame1202 made of steel or composite plastic material. This frame 1202 willprovide the seat for the load bearing surface tactile panel 1502. Theconstruction process includes installing plywood forms or aprefabricated plastic composite skirt 1410. The subsurface enclosure1208 includes a waterproof enclosure lid 1204 attached to the subsurfaceenclosure 1208. The waterproof enclosure lid 1204 has locking andtightening screws/latches/straps (Refer to FIG. 15, 1206) that securethe waterproof enclosure lid 1204 to the subsurface enclosure 1208. Theair space 1406 between the load bearing tactile panel 1502 and thesubsurface enclosure 1208 allows space for a subsurface antenna 1506 tobe placed in this area under the smaller insertable load bearing tactilewarning panel 1504. The subsurface enclosure 1208 is preferablywaterproof and formed from materials including, but not limited to,stainless steel, aluminum, alloys, fiberglass, polymeric concrete,plastic composites, composites and polymeric materials. Suitablepolymeric materials include, but are not limited to, plastic, thermosetplastic, thermoplastic, a plastic composite, sheet molding compound,fiber composite, fiber reinforced plastic, polymer concrete orcombinations thereof. Polymeric materials may also include metalparticles to provide shielding from electromagnetic interference andpulses.

Another embodiment of the TWPA is shown in FIG. 19 which illustrates thesurface tactile panel 1600, placed directly above a securement plate1606. This two-panel system is described in more detail in Henshue U.S.patent Pending Ser. No. 14/661,853, incorporated herein by reference inits entirety. FIG. 19 also illustrates the round through-holes 1602 inthe surface tactile panel 1600 aligning with the receivers 1608 in thelower base plate 1606. In addition, FIG. 19 illustrates anchor-holes1604 which are used to anchor and fasten the securement plate 1606 tothe existing preformed ground surface. Also, shown in FIG. 19 is apocket space 1610 built into the securement plate 1606 to place a beacon1612 below the surface tactile panel 1600.

Another embodiment of the TWPA is shown in FIG. 20 illustrates a planview of a typical city sidewalk 1650, curb & gutter 1655, handicap ramps1660, crosswalks 1665 and street 1670. A typical city sidewalk 1650 isapproximately 6′ wide. A typical city ADA handicap ramp 1660 has amaximum slope from the sidewalk 1650 to the street 1670 of approximately10 percent. Public right-of-way handicap ramps 1660 require theinstallation of an ADA compliant tactile warning panels 1675. With thepresent invention, a load bearing surface tactile panel 1675 isinstalled with the TWPA 1680. An alternate embodiment of the presentinvention is to place next to each other two TWPAs 1680 in a singlehandicap ramp 1660. This construction method will double the amount ofTWPAs 1680 in any one handicap ramp 1660. This construction method willdecrease the overall construction costs per TWPA 1680 since a great dealof the construction cost relates to the removal, excavation andreplacement of the concrete sidewalk 1650, curb & gutter 1655, handicapramp 1660 and street 1670 abutting the curb and gutter 1655. The loadbearing surface tactile panel 1685 furthest setback from the street 1670may or may not have a different type of tactile texture on its surface.In an alternate embodiment, the two separate TWPAs 1680 in a singlehandicap ramp 1660 are connected with conduit. Another embodimentincludes all four separate TWPAs 1680 in two handicap ramps 1660 beingconnected together with subsurface conduit.

Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 21. Thisdrawing shows how all the TWPAs in the handicap ramps 1660 in a cityintersection can be interconnected with subsurface conduit 1700.

In some embodiments, the TWPA 600 of the present invention, FIG. 22Aillustrates a profile view of an embodiment of the present inventionshowing the incorporation of an antenna unit 636 into a housing nestedunder a non-load bearing surface tactile panel 610 with truncated domeson its upper surface 615 where the load bearing subsurface base panel645 has molded into it, a housing 656 to allow for the insertion of anantenna unit 636 into the housing plate 656. Also illustrated is a frame685 for the support of the combination of a non-load bearing surfacetactile panel 610 attached to a load bearing subsurface base panel 645which is attached by releasable fasteners 625 to the frame 685 which isformed in the surrounding substrate of concrete or other supportingmaterial. The housing plate 656 installed in the load bearing subsurfacebase panel 645 is also load bearing and has truncated domes 615 matchingand in alignment with the truncated domes 615 on the non-load bearingsurface tactile panel 610. Small protrusions 637 on the edge of thehousing plate 656 of the antenna unit 636 match and fit into the notchesmolded into the load bearing subsurface base panel. The radio 681 isconnected by a wire 682 to an antenna unit 636 located above thesubsurface enclosure 630 in the housing plate 656 for the antenna unit636. Also, depicted in FIG. 22A is a conduit 680 for venting andseparate conduits 639 for the provisioning of power, communication andother connections. Special watertight and/or waterproof fittings 643attach the conduit 680 for venting and the separate conduits 639 to thesubsurface enclosure 630.

FIG. 22B illustrates the TWPA 600 and the incorporation of a doubleL-channel frame 688 in the surrounding concrete or other suitablesubstrate for the placement of the current TWPA 600 invention in theground. The double L-channel frame 688 enables the placement of anon-load bearing surface tactile panel 610 connected to a load bearingsubsurface base panel 645. In addition, the double L-channel frame 688also supports a load bearing lower plate 675 which supports load bearingcolumns 686. The purpose of the columns 686 is to enable the loadbearing lower plate 675 to support the housing cavity 687 while alsoaccommodating an antenna unit 636 placed in the cavity 687. The top ofthe double L-channel frame 688 holds the non-load bearing surfacetactile panel 610 which is releasably attached with fasteners 617 to aload bearing subsurface base panel 645. The lower portion of the doubleL-channel frame 688 supports the load bearing lower plate 675 that mayalso serve as the lid to the subsurface enclosure 630 or remain separateand above the subsurface enclosure 630 lid leaving a void space whichacts as an air barrier.

FIG. 22B also depicts a profile view illustrating the double L-channelframe 688 which accommodates an antenna unit 636 placed in a housingcavity 687 nested that resides just beneath the surface of the non-loadbearing surface tactile panel 610. A preferred embodiment of theinvention includes a non-load bearing surface tactile panel 610 withtruncated domes 615 that is attached to the top of the load bearingsubsurface base panel 645 by releasable and tamperproof fasteners 617.The non-load bearing surface tactile panel is composed of variousmaterials and can be decorated using Henshue U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,311,831 B2and 9,361,816 B2 incorporated herein. FIG. 22B further depicts anembodiment of the current invention that accommodates batteries 644 asrechargeable power supplies for radios and electronic equipment 642housed in the enclosure 630. Also depicted are equipment racks 646 thathold electronic equipment 642, rechargeable power supplies, etc. thatare housed in the subsurface enclosure 630.

FIG. 22C shows the TWPA 600 and depicts a profile view of an embodimentof the double L-channel frame 688 configuration where the non-loadbearing surface tactile panel 610 has truncated domes 615 is attached toa load bearing subsurface base panel 645. The load bearing subsurfacebase panel 645 has a cavity for the insertion of an antenna unit 636just beneath the upper surface of the non-load bearing surface tactilepanel 610. An embodiment of the current invention TWPA 600 employs anexternal conduit connection 692 between the antenna unit 636 and theradio or electronic equipment housed in the subsurface enclosure 630.The connection is an external conduit connection 692 that connects tothe base of the antenna unit 636 extending laterally into the groundsubstrate 628 and loops to connect to the subsurface enclosure 630 withwaterproof fittings 643.

FIG. 22D shows the TWPA 600 and depicts a profile view of the subsurfaceenclosure 630 that houses radios and electronic equipment 642 that areconnected to an external ground surface level antenna 671. FIG. 22Dfurther depicts an embodiment where a non-load bearing surface tactilepanel 610 with truncated domes 615 in combination with a load bearingsubsurface base panel 645 where in combination they are removable andanchored to a frame 691 formed in a substrate of concrete or othersimilar material. Below the combination of a non-load bearing surfacetactile panel 610 and a load bearing subsurface base panel 645 is asubsurface enclosure 630 with a lid 684 that creates a waterproof sealfor the subsurface enclosure 630. Multiple conduits are connected to thesubsurface enclosure 683, 639, and 673 for the purpose of venting andconnecting power, communication equipment and other technology housed inthe subsurface enclosure 630 including external ground surface levelantenna 671 and other equipment.

FIG. 23 depicts where two TWPA's 700 are connected by subsurface conduit721 that houses connecting cables 719. An alternative embodimentcomprises cables 718 in conduit 729 connecting to a pole serving as alight pole, traffic signal pole or other pole or structure 724 throughconduits 729 where an antenna or additional equipment 723 may beattached. The TWPA's 700 reside within the sidewalk curb ramp 711 andare contiguous. An alternative embodiment includes a radio 722 and itsantenna 713 in the other TWPA where the antenna 713 is integrated intothe surface tactile panel 728 of the present invention. In analternative embodiment, venting of the present inventions is achieved bycirculating air by a fan 727 into and out of the surface tactile panelsystem 728 via an external vent conduit 791 and inter-vault venting viaconduit 793. In an alternative embodiment, power and communication tothe TWPA's 700 is provided by cables in conduits 739 that power thestreet light and continue through conduits 729 that connect the streetlight pole to the TWPA's 700.

Due to electronic equipment such as small cells, computers, batterybackup, beacons, sensors and other electronic equipment being placed inthe TWPA, the subsurface waterproof enclosure can build up heatinternally. Internal heat in the TWPA must be dissipated so as to notdamage the electronic equipment. In some embodiments, the TWPAenclosures described above require the continuous movement of air, whichvents the enclosure hot air to the outside ambient air. Concealing ventsby adding street furniture as the venting concealment method has been anobstacle for cities and technology companies to adopt the TWPA enclosureas a method of securely concealing subsurface electronic equipment undersidewalks, terraces and curb ramps.

A solution to the problem is to create a “ventless” system ofdissipating heat by geothermal techniques. This solution is entirelyself-contained and “ventless”. When incorporated into TWPA enclosures, ageothermal system will bring the environment internal to the TWPAsubsurface enclosure in harmony with the earth beneath, taking advantageof subterranean temperatures to provide heating or cooling. Outdoortemperatures fluctuate with the changing seasons, but subsurface groundtemperatures don't change dramatically, thanks to the insulatingproperties of the earth. A geothermal system can remove heat thataccumulates internal to the TWPA by using the earth as a heat sink. Inthe event that heat needs to be added to the TWPA enclosure, the earthcan serve as a source of heat as well. A geothermal system capitalizeson the fact that temperatures remain relatively constant year-round at adepth of four to six feet below the surface. A geothermal systemtypically consists of an enclosure environment handling unit (heat pumpor heat exchanger) and a buried system of pipes called an earth loop.The pipes that make up the earth loop are usually made of polyethyleneand can be buried under the ground horizontally or vertically, dependingon site characteristics. A water and anti-freeze solution is circulatedthrough the piping, through the use of typically one or two smallcirculator pumps. The fluid that passes through this piping is eithercolder or warmer than the ground temperature. If the fluid is colderthan the ground, then the heat from the ground is transferred into thefluid. If the fluid is warmer than the ground, then the heat from thefluid is transferred into the ground and circulated through the pipingsystem. Earth loop systems may be installed in either a pressurized or anon-pressurized configuration.

There are four basic types of geothermal earth loop systems. Three ofthese earth loop systems are closed loop systems indicated as—horizontal(piping under the ground parallel to the surface), vertical (pipingrunning perpendicular to the surface) and surface water systems (pipinglaid along the bottom of a body of water). The fourth type is an openloop system. An open loop system utilizes a well drilled into subsurfaceground water. Then, water is pumped up and run past a heat exchanger orheat pump followed by the water returning to the same aquifer throughwhat is called reinjection. This option uses water from the body ofwater as the heat exchange fluid that circulates it directly through thepiping system. Which one of these four geothermal earth loop systems isoptimal for usage depends on the climate, soil conditions, availableland and local installation costs at the desired site. Also, dependingon certain variables, a hybrid system incorporating various elementsfrom different geothermal resources may be utilized.

Two types of equipment are connected to the earth loop system. A heatexchanger and/or a geothermal heat pump. Both of these pieces ofequipment are housed internally in the TWPA but can also be housedexternal to the enclosure in a special containment unit. Both a heatexchanger or geothermal heat pump utilize the energy from the warmer orcooler temperature of the liquid solution in the earth loop system toheat or cool the internal temperatures in the TWPA enclosure.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a tactile panel apparatusand system with smart technology (TWPA) that incorporates a geothermalheating & cooling system. Embodiments of the present invention will playan active role in providing the required thermal management for theelectronic equipment installed internal to the TWPA. In the preferredembodiment the heating and cooling is accomplished by a closed loopgeothermal system. The closed loop system circulates a liquid thattransfers the energy internally between the enclosure and the stabletemperature that exists in the ground. The liquid, usually water orwater blended with a refrigerant (example—glycol antifreeze solution)runs continuously through the entire length of the earth loop.

In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system is aclosed loop system which is installed in a vertical orientation to theTWPA. In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system is aclosed loop system which is installed in a horizontal orientation to theTWPA. In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system is aclosed loop system which is installed as a combination of both verticaland horizontal orientations to the TWPA. In some embodiments thegeothermal heating and cooling system is an open loop system. In someembodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system is a hybrid systemincorporating various elements of geothermal resources. In someembodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system earth loop isinstalled to a depth ranging from 8 lineal feet deep to 500 lineal feetdeep. In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling systemearth loop piping system is a plethora of material types such as, butnot limited to, copper tubing, HDPE, plastic, plastic composite and thelike. In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling systemearth loop includes pipe sizes ranging from 1″ to 12″. In someembodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system earth loop isfilled with grout. In the preferred embodiment the geothermal heatingand cooling system earth loop is filled with high conductivity grout. Inthe preferred embodiment the geothermal heating and cooling system earthloop piping system is connected to a heat exchanger handling unitinternal to the TWPA subsurface enclosure. In some embodiments thegeothermal heating and cooling system earth loop piping is connected toa heat exchanger handling unit external to the TWPA subsurfaceenclosure. In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling systemearth loop piping system is connected to a heat pump handling unitinternal to the TWPA subsurface enclosure. In some embodiments thegeothermal heating and cooling system earth loop piping system isconnected to a heat pump handling unit external to the TWPA subsurfaceenclosure. In some embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling systemearth loop piping system is connected to both a heat exchanger and aheat pump handling unit internal to the TWPA subsurface enclosure. Insome embodiments the geothermal heating and cooling system earth looppiping system is connected to both a heat exchanger and a heat pumphandling unit external to the TWPA subsurface enclosure. Theseembodiments are specifically described in relation to FIGS. 24 to 27,but may be incorporated into the design of the of the TWPAs described indetail above, e.g., those shown in FIGS. 9 to 23.

Referring to FIG. 24, illustrates a TWPA 600 with a vertical closed loopgeothermal piping system 1715. In some embodiments the TWPA 600 of thepresent invention comprises a surface tactile panel 610 comprising anarray of truncated domes 615 that provide an ADA compliant tactilewarning panel. The truncated domes 615 project upward from the planarsurface 620 of the surface tactile panel 610. In the preferredembodiments, the surface tactile panel 610 is mounted parallel inrelation to the surrounding ground surface. In other embodiments,fasteners allow permanent or releasable attachment to a load bearingsubsurface base panel 645 that forms part of the TWPA 600. The TWPA 600of the present invention comprises an integrated surface tactile panel610, a load bearing subsurface base panel 645, and a subsurfaceenclosure 630 with the surface tactile panel 610 being the uppermost toppanel, which is exposed to the environment. In some embodiments, theTWPA 600 comprises a multitude of waterproof penetration conduit entryboots 1730. The conduit entry boots 1730 preferably provides a couplingor conduit through which run cabling for communications, video, antennaor electrical wire 1765. In some embodiments the subsurface enclosure630 includes a strut support system or frame 1755 on a vertical wall ofthe subsurface enclosure 630 in order to provide attachment means forelectronic equipment 1745 to the vertical walls. In some embodiments thesubsurface enclosure 630 includes an electrical distribution panel 1735and electrical outlets 1740 attached to the vertical walls of thesubsurface enclosure 630 to provide a power source for the electronicequipment 1745 in the subsurface enclosure 630.

Still referring to FIG. 24, in the preferred embodiment the TWPA 600 ofthe present invention includes a vertical closed loop geothermal pipingsystem 1715. The vertical closed loop geothermal piping system 1715circulates a liquid 1757 inside the earth loop pipes 1710 that transfersthe energy between the subsurface enclosure 630 and the subsurfaceground 1725. The vertical closed loop geothermal piping system 1715utilizes a heat pump or heat exchanger 1705, or a combination of these.The heat pump or heat exchanger 1705 may also incorporate a fan 1750 andpump 1770. Further, the vertical closed loop geothermal piping system1715 utilizing the earth loop pipe 1710 is installed to a vertical depthranging from 8 lineal feet to 500 lineal feet. In the preferredembodiment, a vertical bore hole 1759 is drilled in the ground tofacilitate the installation of the earth loop pipe 1710 followed byfilling the vertical bore hole 1759 with high conductivity grout 1765.When the conditions internal to the TWPA 600 are warmer than the groundconditions the vertical closed loop geothermal piping system 1715extract the excess heat from the TWPA 600 through the earth pipe 1710and circulates the liquid 1757 downward into the ground cooling theliquid 1757. When the conditions internal to the TWPA 600 are coolerthan the ground conditions the vertical closed loop geothermal pipingsystem 1715 extracts the cool air from the TWPA 600 down the earth looppipe 1710 and it returns the heat extracted from ground up the TWPA 600.

Referring to FIG. 25, illustrates a TWPA 600 with a horizontal closedloop geothermal piping system 1775. In some embodiments the TWPA 600 ofthe present invention comprises a surface tactile panel 610 comprisingan array of truncated domes 615 that provide an ADA compliant tactilewarning panel. The truncated domes 615 project upward from the planarsurface 620 of the surface tactile panel 610. In the preferredembodiments, the surface tactile panel 610 is mounted parallel inrelation to the surrounding ground surface. In other embodiments,fasteners allow permanent or releasable attachment to a load bearingsubsurface base panel 645 that forms part of the TWPA 600. The TWPA 600of the present invention comprises an integrated surface tactile panel610, a load bearing subsurface base panel 645, and a subsurfaceenclosure 630 with the surface tactile panel 610 being the uppermost toppanel, which is exposed to the environment. In some embodiments, theTWPA 600 comprises a multitude of waterproof penetration conduit entryboots 1730. The conduit entry boots 1730 preferably provides a couplingor conduit through which run cabling for communications, video, antennaor electrical wire 1765. In some embodiments the subsurface enclosure630 includes a strut support system or frame 1755 on a vertical wall ofthe subsurface enclosure 630 in order to provide attachment means forelectronic equipment 1745 to the vertical walls. In some embodiments thesubsurface enclosure 630 includes an electrical distribution panel 1735and electrical outlets 1740 attached to the vertical walls of thesubsurface enclosure 630 to provide a power source for the electronicequipment 1745 in the subsurface enclosure 630.

Still referring to FIG. 25, in the preferred embodiment the TWPA 600 ofthe present invention includes a horizontal closed loop geothermalpiping system 1775. The horizontal closed loop geothermal piping system1775 circulates a liquid 1757 inside the earth loop pipes 1710 thattransfers the energy between the subsurface enclosure 630 and thesubsurface ground 1725. The horizontal closed loop geothermal pipingsystem 1775 utilizes a heat pump or heat exchanger 1705, or acombination of these. The heat pump or heat exchanger 1705 may alsoincorporate a fan 1750 and pump 1770. Further, the horizontal closedloop geothermal piping system 1775 utilizing the earth loop pipe 1710 isinstalled to a horizontal length ranging from 8 lineal feet to 2,000lineal feet. In the preferred embodiment, a horizontal bore hole 1780 isdrilled in the ground to facilitate the installation of the earth looppipe 1710 followed by filling the horizontal bore hole 1780 with highconductivity grout 1765. When the conditions internal to the TWPA 600are warmer than the ground conditions the horizontal closed loopgeothermal piping system 1775 extract the excess heat from the TWPA 600through the earth pipe 1710 and circulates the liquid 1757 downward intothe ground cooling the liquid 1757. When the conditions internal to theTWPA 600 are cooler than the ground conditions the horizontal closedloop geothermal piping system 1775 extracts the cool air from the TWPA600 down the earth loop pipe 1710 and it returns the heat extracted fromground up the TWPA 600.

Referring to FIG. 26, in the preferred embodiment the TWPA 600 of thepresent invention includes a horizontal closed loop geothermal pipingsystem 1800 where the ground loop piping is laid along the bottom of abody of water 1810. The horizontal closed loop geothermal piping system1800 circulates a liquid 1815 inside the ground loop pipe 1820 thattransfers the energy between the subsurface enclosure 630 with that ofthe temperatures that exists at the bottom of a body of water 1810. TheTWPA 600 horizontal closed loop geothermal piping system 1800 includes aheat pump or heat exchanger 1705, or a combination thereof. The heatpump or heat exchanger 1705 may also incorporate an external or internalfan 1750 and pump 1770. The geothermal heating and cooling earth looppipe 1820 is installed to a horizontal length that is based on thedistance to the body of water. In the preferred embodiment, the borehole 1830 from the horizontal hole drilled in the earth so as to installthe earth loop pipe 1820, is filled with high conductivity grout 1835.

Referring to FIG. 27, shows a TWPA 600 with a vertical open loopgeothermal piping system 1850. In the preferred embodiment the TWPA 600of the present invention includes a vertical open loop geothermal system1850 where water is extracted from ground water 1855, whereby the wateris discharged down a drain or another well 1860 or surface pond. Thevertical open loop geothermal piping system 1850 circulates waterextracted from the ground water 1855 inside the earth loop pipe 1865 andtransfers the energy between the subsurface enclosure 630 with that ofthe water extracted from the ground water 1855. The TWPA 600 verticalopen loop geothermal piping system 1850 includes a heat pump or heatexchanger 1705, or a combination thereof. The heat pump or heatexchanger 1705 may also incorporate an external or internal fan 1750 andpump 1770. The geothermal heating and cooling earth loop pipe 1865 isinstalled to a vertical depth that is based on the distance to theground water level. In the preferred embodiment, the bore hole 1870 fromthe vertical hole drilled in the earth so as to install the earth looppipe system 1865, is filled with high conductivity grout 1765.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification areherein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variationsof the described method and system of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe invention. Although the invention has been described in connectionwith specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that theinvention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specificembodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes forcarrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in thefield of this invention are intended to be within the scope of thefollowing claims.

EXAMPLE

A ground coupled cooling system for the Smart Vault has beeninvestigated for a large American city. The system investigated isschematically shown in FIG. 28.

The internal load in the Smart Vault varies between 100 W and 1,800 Wand is constant throughout the day and year. Due to insulation above theSmart Vault, no additional heating load is assumed from the ambient. Theclimatic conditions are assumed to be a 72° F. undisturbed groundtemperature and a thermal conductivity of 0.77 Btu/hr/ft/° F. (Neal etal, 1994). The thermal conductivity is a significant factor in regardsto sizing the depth of the bore required to cool the boxes and will varywith local conditions throughout Austin. The return water from theground and entering heat exchanger (HX) (or the heat pump (HP)) is setto 100° F. and the leaving HX (or HP) temperature to 110° F. Increasingthe entering set point temperature will reduce the depth of the bore butwill increase the HX (or HP) size. The design (max) internal temperatureof the Smart Vault is 120° F. The conductivity of the grout is assumedto be 0.90 Btu/hr/ft° F., the diameter of the ground HDPE pipe is 1 inchwith a 6 inch bore and a “B/C” (not centered) tube location in the bore.

Based on these assumptions, the following design suggestions weredeveloped for seven internal loads:

Bore Depth of Pressure Internal Load Bore Seifert HX Water Flow Drop**[Watts] [Feet] model [gpm] [ft of water] 100  18* RK2300 0.9 0.05 300 42 RK2114 2.2 0.44 A632 500  71 RK2114 2.2 0.74 A891 700 100 RK2116 0.90.23 1,000 141 RK2125 2.2 1.45 1,500 212 RK2149 2.2 2.17 1,800 252RK2149 2.2 2.58 *Assumed 10° F. higher (82° F.) ground temperature dueto shallow bore. **Assumed 1 inch HDPE pipe. Does not include fittingsand HX

Each of these bores can be connected to either a heat exchanger (HX) orheat pump (HP). An HX system is preferred due to no heat from acompressor and less components that can fail, but the HX might becomelarge due to the lower temperature difference between air and waterdirectly from the ground HX. If a system with an HX is chosen, the HXneeds to be sized to provide the internal load required with an enteringwater temperature of 100° F. and a 20° F. temperature difference betweenthe air temperature and water temperature. If a HP is selected it needsto have the desired capacity (or more) at 100° F. entering watertemperature and a 10 F rise on the water side. Due to compressor heat,the heat pump needs to eject more heat to the bore than a heat exchangerbut could operate with higher temperatures from the ground HX.

This system can be optimization with more knowledge of the specificground conditions, the size of the heat exchanger vs. bore depth couldbe optimized, looking into the possibility of separating the air intakeand exhaust on the installed equipment to create a higher delta T thatwould reduce the HX, and reduce the internal load from the equipment ifpossible.

What is claimed is:
 1. A multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatusfor placement into or on a pedestrian walkway comprising: a surfacetactile panel with a planar surface having thereon a plurality ofdistinct spatially raised, three dimensional features arranged in apattern to be detected by tactile sensation; and one or more subsurfaceenclosures, said one or more subsurface enclosures having associatedtherewith one or more transmitters, sensors, receivers, electronicequipment, antenna or batteries and a heat exchanger or heat pump incommunication with a geothermal piping system.
 2. The multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein said geothermalpiping system is a vertical closed loop geothermal piping system.
 3. Themultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidgeothermal piping system is a horizontal closed loop geothermal pipingsystem.
 4. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1,wherein said geothermal piping system is an open loop geothermal pipingsystem.
 5. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1,wherein said geothermal piping system is an earth loop system.
 6. Themultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidgeothermal piping system is in contact with grout.
 7. The multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus of claim 6, wherein said grout is highconductivity grout.
 8. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatusof claim 1, wherein said heat exchanger or heat pump is internal to theone or more subsurface enclosures.
 9. The multipurpose tactile warningpanel apparatus of claim 1, wherein said heat exchanger or heat pump isexternal to the one or more subsurface enclosures.
 10. The multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein said apparatuscomprises a heat exchanger and a heat pump.
 11. The multipurpose tactilewarning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein said surface tactile panelis load bearing with a minimum load limit of five tons. 12-14.(canceled)
 15. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim1, wherein said load bearing surface tactile panel is formed from amaterial selected from a group consisting of metal, glass, ceramicmaterial, thermoset plastic, thermoplastic, polymeric material, plasticcomposite, polyurethane with glass fiber, fiber reinforced plastic,polymer concrete, fiber reinforced foam, graphene, sheet moldingcompound, bulk molding compound or a combination thereof.
 16. Themultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidload bearing surface tactile panel is formed from a material that allowsradio frequency propagation and transmission through the load bearingsurface tactile panel from an antenna positioned below the load bearingsurface tactile panel.
 17. The multipurpose tactile warning panelapparatus of claim 1, wherein said load bearing surface tactile panel isformed from a material that allows radio frequency propagation andtransmission through the load bearing surface tactile panel from anantenna integrated into the load bearing surface tactile panel. 18-26.(canceled)
 27. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim1, wherein said pedestrian walkway has a ground surface substrate andsaid load bearing surface tactile panel is seated in a frame which ismolded, formed or installed in said ground surface substrate. 28-31.(canceled)
 32. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim1, wherein said subsurface enclosure or enclosures are immediately belowand adjacent to said load bearing surface tactile panel.
 33. Themultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 32, furthercomprising a subsurface enclosure or enclosures that are separate fromand beneath said load bearing surface tactile panel. 34-80. (canceled)81. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, whereinsaid subsurface enclosure or enclosures have a waterproof removable lid.82-83. (canceled)
 84. The multipurpose tactile warning panel apparatusof claim 81, wherein said subsurface enclosure or enclosures have aremovable lid that is watertight and the subsurface enclosure orenclosures are watertight. 85-94. (canceled)
 95. The multipurposetactile warning panel apparatus of claim 1, wherein said systemcomprises two or more of said subsurface enclosures placed next to eachother laterally on a pedestrian handicap ramp or walkway.
 96. Themultipurpose tactile warning panel apparatus of claim 95, wherein saidsubsurface enclosures are laterally connected to each other via conduitsconnected to said subsurface enclosures at enclosure penetration points.97-140. (canceled)